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asty 1887 1807 bce gautama buddha note 6 1641 1541 bce nandas note 7 1541 1241 bce maurya empire note 8 1541 1507 bce chandragupta maurya note 9 1507 1479 bce bindusara note 10 1479 1443 bce ashokavardhan 1241 784 bce shunga empire and kanva dynasty 784 328 bce andhra dynasty note 11 328 83 bce gupta empire note 12 328 321 bce chandragupta vijayaditya note 13 326 bce alexander s invasion 321 270 bce ashoka note 14 102 bce 15 ce vikramaditya established vikram era in 57 bce historicity edit archaeological vs traditional interpretations edit the history of india up to and including the times of the buddha with his life generally placed into the 6th or 5th century bce is a subject of a major scholarly debate the vast majority of historians in the western world accept the theory of indo aryan migrations with c 1500 1200 bce dates for the displacement of indus valley civilisation by aryans and the earliest texts of the rigveda with sanskrit being descended from the language that the aryans brought with them this is supported by linguistic and some archaeological evidence but conflicts with the chronology given in the epics and puranas according to which the vedas written in sanskrit date from many years earlier than this many indian scholars on the other hand support some version of the indigenous aryans theory in which as in the epics and puranas the indian civilisation is of an indigenous nature and the earliest sections of the rigveda date from c 4000 bce or even earlier 58 27 early indian history does not have an equivalent of chronicles like the ones established in the west by herodotus in the 5th century bc or kojiki nihongi in japan with the single exception of rajatarangini history of kashmir there is no historical text in sanskrit dealing with the whole or even parts of india r c majumdar 59 while there are texts in sanskrit the puranas that profess to include the early indian history the western scholars assume them to be compiled by brahmins in the 1st millennium ce thus being contemporary with the described facts only from the time of the guptas 3rd century ce and in general legendary 60 indigenous aryanism 10 000 years in india edit main article indigenous aryanism see also 8th millennium bc the epic puranic chronology has been referred to by proponents of indigenous aryanism putting into question the indo aryan migrations at ca 1500 bce and proposing older dates for the vedic period the conventional position is that the aryans migrated into northern india from central asia after 2000 bce bringing with them their language which was the precursor of sanskrit the language of the vedas itihasas and puranas the indigenists however claim that the aryans are indigenous to india 61 and the indo european languages radiated out from a homeland in india into their present locations 61 according to them the vedas are older than the second millennium bce 62 and texts like the mahabharata reflect historical events which took place before 1500 bce some of them equate the indus valley civilisation with the vedic civilisation 61 state that the indus script was the progenitor of the brahmi 63 and state that there is no difference between the people living in the northern indo european part and the southern dravidian part 62 the theory of indigenous aryanism has no support in mainstream scholarship 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 the idea of indigenous aryanism fits into traditional hindu ideas about their religion namely that it has timeless origins with the vedic aryans inhabiting india since ancient times note 15 m s golwalkar in his 1939 publication we or our nationhood defined famously stated that undoubtedly we hindus have been in undisputed and undisturbed possession of this land for over eight or even ten thousand years before the land was invaded by any foreign race 71 golwalkar was inspired by tilak s note 16 the arctic home in the vedas 1903 who argued that the aryan homeland was located at the north pole basing this idea on vedic hymns and zoroastrian texts 72 golwalkar took over the idea of 10 000 years arguing that the north pole at that time was located in india 72 note 17 subhash kak a main proponent of the indigenist position underwrites the vedic puranic chronology and uses it to recalculate the dates of the vedas and the vedic people 73 74 75 according to kak the indian civilization must be viewed as an unbroken tradition that goes back to the earliest period of the sindhu sarasvati or indus tradition 7000 or 8000 bc 73 according to sudhir bhargava the vedas were composed 10 000 years ago when manu supposedly lived in ashrams at the banks of the sarasvati river in brahmavarta the ancient home base of the aryans according to sudhir bhargava people from brahmavarta moved out from brahmavarta into and outside india after 4500 bce when seismic activities had changed the course of the sarasvati and other rivers 76 see also edit new chronology rohl new chronology fomenko yuga vedas vedic science solar dynasty lunar dynasty hindu cosmology nasadiya sukta samudra manthana sanātana dharma brahmanda purana history of india history of hinduism hindu mythological wars puru and yadu dynasties list of indian monarchs list of hindu empires and dynasties notes edit wendy doniger based on the study of indologists assigns approximate dates to the various puranas she dates markandeya purana to c 250 ce with one portion dated to c 550 ce matsya purana to c 250 500 ce vayu purana to c 350 ce harivamsa and vishnu purana to c 450 ce brahmanda purana to c 350 950 ce vamana purana to c 450 900 ce kurma purana to c 550 850 ce and linga purana to c 600 1000 ce 15 the bhagavata purana 1 18 6 vishnu purana 5 38 8 and brahma purana 2 103 8 state that the day krishna left the earth was the day that the dvapara yuga ended and the kali yuga began bhagavata purana part i motilal banarsidass publishers private limited 1950 p 137 1 18 6 on the very day and at the very moment the lord krishna left the earth on that very day this kali the source of irreligiousness in this world entered here wilson h h 1895 the vishnu purana s p c k press p 61 5 38 8 the parijata tree proceeded to heaven and on the same day that hari krishna departed from the earth the dark bodied kali age descended brahma purana part 2 motilal banarsidass 1955 p 515 2 103 8 it was on the day on which krishna left the earth and went to heaven that the kali age with time for its body set in mahbharata and manu was endowed with great wisdom and devoted to virtue and he became the progenitor of a line and in manu s race have been born all human beings who have therefore been called manavas and it is of manu that all men including brahmanas kshatriyas vaishyas sudras and others have been descended and are therefore all called manavas subsequently the brahmanas became united with the kshatriyas and those sons of manu that were brahmanas devoted themselves to the study of the vedas and manu begot ten other children named vena dhrishnu narishyan nabhaga ikshvaku karusha sharyati the eighth a daughter named ila prishadhru the ninth and nabhagarishta the tenth they all betook themselves to the practices of kshatriyas warriors besides these manu had fifty other sons on earth but we heard that they all perished quarrelling with one another 32 the vedic foundation introduction the history of bharatvarsh which is now called india is the description of the timeless glory of the divine dignitaries who not only graced the soils of india with their presence and divine intelligence but they also showed and revealed the true path of peace happiness and the divine enlightenment for the souls of the world that still is the guideline for the true lovers of god who desire to taste the sweetness of his divine love in an intimate style web 2 the earliest text to explicitly provide detailed descriptions of krishna as a personality is the epic mahabharata which depicts krishna as an incarnation of vishnu web 3 conventionally dated sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries bc 57 conventionally dated 345 321 bc conventionally dated 322 185 bc conventionally dated 340 298 bc conventionally dated c 320 bc 272 bc conventionally dated c 230 bc ad 220 conventionally dated approximately ad 320 550 conventionally dated reign ad 320 335 conventionally dated 304 232 bc the vedic foundation states the history of bharatvarsh which is now called india is the description of the timeless glory of the divine dignitaries who not only graced the soils of india with their presence and divine intelligence but they also showed and revealed the true path of peace happiness and the divine enlightenment for the souls of the world that still is the guideline for the true lovers of god who desire to taste the sweetness of his divine love in an intimate style web 2 carol schaeffer tilak dubbed the father of indian unrest for his advocacy of violent tactics against british colonialists and inspiration to later indian hindu nationalists 72 see also is our civilisation really 10 millennia old or are we simply insecure sanjeev sabhlok 2013 references edit g p bhatt ed the vayu purana part ii 1st ed 784 789 tr g v tagare in vol 38 of ancient indian tradition and mythology delhi motilal banarsidass 1988 archived from the original on 2016 01 21 retrieved 2016 04 10 j l shastri ed the kurma purana part i 1st ed 47 52 tr g v tagare in vol 20 of a i t m delhi motilal banarsidass 1981 archived from the original on 2016 01 21 retrieved 2016 04 10 j l shastri ed the narada purana part ii 1st ed p 699 tr g v tagare in vol 16 of a i t m delhi motilal banarsidass 1981 archived from the original on 2016 01 21 retrieved 2016 04 10 1 2 3 cort john 1993 wendy doniger ed purana perennis reciprocity and transformation in hindu and jaina texts suny press pp 185 204 isbn 978 0791413821 ganguly 1984 pp 23 24 vidur sewa ashram bijnor india 1 january 1979 age of bharata war motilal banarsidass publishing house 1 2 kak 2001 datta amaresh 2006 the encyclopaedia of indian literature volume two devraj to jyoti sahitya akademi isbn 978 81 260 1194 0 ramayana encyclopedia britannica retrieved 2020 02 18 brockington 1998 p 26 austin christopher r 2019 pradyumna lover magician and son of the avatara oxford university press p 21 isbn 978 0 19 005411 3 brockington 1998 pp 379 puranas merriam webster s encyclopedia of literature 1995 edition merriam webster 1995 p 915 isbn 0 877790426 bailey greg 2001 oliver leaman ed encyclopedia of asian philosophy routledge pp 437 439 isbn 978 0415172813 1 2 collins 1988 p 36 flood 1996 p 359 1 2 trautmann 2005 p xx 1 2 3 rocher 1986 p 122 rocher 1986 pp 123 124 olivelle 2005 pp 24 25 olivelle 2005 pp 90 240 1 61 241 1 70 71 matchett freda the puranas in flood 2003 p 139 yano michio calendar astrology and astronomy in flood 2003 p 390 singh 2008 p 22 kane p v september 1936 sukthankar v s fyzee a a a bhagwat n k eds kalivarjya actions forbidden in the kali age journal of the bombay branch of the royal asiatic society 12 the asiatic society of bombay 1 2 the word yuga occurs at least thirty eight times in the rigveda but the meaning is rather doubtful in a few places yuga means yoke in many places it appears to refer to a very brief period generally yuga appears to mean in the rigveda generation lessening the life of human generations in other places yuga must be given the sense of a long period of time 1 2 cush denise robinson catherine a york michael eds 2008 encyclopedia of hinduism london new york routledge pp 1043 1044 isbn 978 0 7007 1267 0 oclc 62133001 1 2 arya vedveer the chronology of india from manu to mahabharata pdf ganguly 1984 pp 22 24 ganguly 1984 pp 15 16 1 2 witzel 2001 p 69 thapar 2013 pp 308 309 1 2 swami parmeshwaranand 2001 encyclopaedic dictionary of puranas sarup sons p 638 isbn 978 81 7625 226 3 1 2 ganguly 1984 p 16 mahalanobis p c dspace at indian statistical institute new theory of ancient indian chronology library isical ac in 8080 retrieved 2022 08 05 lord krishna lived for 125 years india news times of india the times of india 8 september 2004 mahalingam t v gupta s p ramachandran k s 1976 readings in south indian history b r publishing corporation p 55 archived pdf from the original on 2015 08 04 retrieved 2024 04 09 r c majumdar and a d pusalkar eds the history and culture of the indian people vol i p 272 date of mahabharata war tamil and vedas 1 november 2014 ad pusalker op cit p 272 the mahabharata and the sindhu sarasvati tradition pdf the purana text of the dynasties of the kali age new delhi deep publications 1975 singh 2006 p 85 1 2 singh 2009 p 19 the sauptikaparvan of the mahabharata the massacre at night translated by w j johnson oxford university press 1998 p 13 isbn 9780192823618 singh 2009 pp 18 21 1 2 witzel 1995 hiltebeitel 2005 p 5594 gupta and ramachandran 1976 p 246 who summarize as follows astronomical calculations favor 15th century bce as the date of the war while the puranic data place it in the 10th 9th century bce archaeological evidence points towards the latter p 254 the chronology of india from manu to mahabharata isbn 978 8194321309 arya vedveer 30 september 2016 the epoch of śaka era a critical study indiafacts comparison with the nasa list of eclipses that the author refers to shows that all bc dates in this article are out by one year possibly due to the author misreading dates given in astronomical year numbering in the list with 582 bc being given as 583 bc and so on r c majumdar and a d pusalker editors the history and culture of the indian people volume i the vedic age bombay bharatiya vidya bhavan 1951 p 320 fn 4 singh 2010 p chapter 7 pp 202 252 302 iyengar rangachar narayana historicity of celestial observations of mahābhārata pdf quarterly journal of the mythic society xciv koch dieter 2015 astronomical dating of the mahābhārata war pdf p 395 daftari k l 1942 the astronomical method and its application to the chronology of ancient india pp 40 45 ganguly 1984 warder 2000 p 45 klostermaier 2014 chronology witzel 1990 p 1 witzel 1990 p 2 1 2 3 trautmann 2005 p xxx 1 2 trautmann 2005 p xxviii ramasami jeyakumar 21 february 2014 indus script based on sanskrit language sci news retrieved 2015 09 08 witzel 2001 bryant edwin f patton laurie l 2005 the indo aryan controversy evidence and inference in indian history routledge erdosy 2012 the indo aryans of ancient south asia language material culture and ethnicity walter de gruyter isbn 9783110816433 bryant edwin 2001 the quest for the origins of vedic culture the indo aryan migration debate oxford university press isbn 0 19 513777 9 bryant edwin f 1996 linguistic substrata and the indigenous aryan debate fosse lars martin 2005 aryan past and post colonial present the polemics and politics of indigenous aryanism in bryant edwin patton laurie l eds the indo aryan controversy evidence and inference in indian history routledge ravinutala abhijith 2013 politicizing the past depictions of indo aryans in indian textbooks from 1998...