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rs graduating with a licenciatura in 1964 and received a phd from the university of essex in 1977 from 1986 he served as professor of political theory at the university of essex where he founded and directed for many years the graduate programme in ideology and discourse analysis as well as the centre for theoretical studies in the humanities and the social sciences under his directorship the ideology and discourse analysis programme has provided a research framework for the development of a distinct type of discourse analysis that draws on post structuralist theory especially the work of saussure and derrida post analytic thought wittgenstein and richard rorty and psychoanalysis primarily the work of lacan to provide innovative analysis of concrete political phenomena such as identities discourses and hegemonies this theoretical and analytical orientation is known today as the essex school of discourse analysis 1 over his career laclau lectured extensively in many universities in north america south america western europe australia and south africa he also held positions at suny buffalo and northwestern university both in the us biography edit laclau studied history at the university of buenos aires 2 and was a member of the psin socialist party of the national left until 1969 when the british historian eric hobsbawm supported his admission to st antony s college oxford where he pursued graduate research until 1972 3 he had close links with jorge abelardo ramos the founder of the psin although he stated in 2005 that the latter had evolved in a direction he did not appreciate 3 in the same interview he claimed that he came from a yrigoyenista family and that the peronist politician arturo jauretche a strong opponent of justo s dictatorship during the infamous decade of the 1930s was a close friend of his father 3 in his later years he had close ties with the argentine socialist confederation spanish confederación socialista argentina 4 and in argentina he is associated with peronism 5 laclau died of a heart attack in seville in 2014 6 7 work edit laclau s early work was influenced by althusserian marxism and focused on issues debated within neo marxist circles in the 1970s such as the role of the state the dynamics of capitalism the importance of building popular movements and the possibility of revolution laclau s most significant book is hegemony and socialist strategy which he co authored with chantal mouffe in 1985 the position outlined in this book is usually described as post marxist because it rejects a marxist economic determinism and b the view that class struggle is the most important antagonism in society in their 2001 introduction to the second edition laclau and mouffe commented on this label stating that whilst post marxist they were also post marxist 8 their work though a departure from traditional western marxism retained similar concerns and ideas a key innovation in hegemony and socialist strategy was laclau and mouffe s argument that left wing movements need to build alliances with a wide variety of different groups if they are to be successful and establish a left wing hegemony in the final chapter of the book the project of radical and plural democracy was advocated a democracy in which subjects accept the importance of the values of liberty and equality but fight over what the terms mean in hegemony and socialist strategy laclau and mouffe also offered a constructivist account of discourse by drawing on the work of the later wittgenstein they argued that social entities only become meaningful through both linguistic and non linguistic discursive articulation 9 as such the meaning of something is never pre given but is instead constructed through social practices in a later summary of his view laclau claims there is support for this broad sense of discourse in saussure by discourse i do not mean something that is essentially restricted to the areas of speech and writing but any complex of elements in which relations play the constitutive role this means that elements do not pre exist the relational complex but are constituted through it thus relation and objectivity are synonymous saussure asserted that there are no positive terms in language only differences something is what it is only through its differential relations to something else 10 laclau subsequently used this account of discourse to re consider the nature of identity arguing that all political identities are discursive even if they are experienced by individuals as natural even to the point where one s identity is not recognised as an identity for example though an individual may think that they are just born male this is for laclau citation needed not the case maleness is a socially constructed category that has no innate meaning in his more recent works laclau returned to a topic that was prevalent in his earliest writings populism in on populist reason laclau considered the nature of populism in political discourse the creation of a popular hegemonic bloc such as the people and the importance of affect in politics building on his earlier work laclau argued that the basis of populism lies in the creation of empty signifiers words and ideas that express a universal idea of justice and symbolically structure the political environment against those who see populism as a threat to democracy laclau argued that it is an essential component of it 11 before his death laclau was working on a book titled elusive universality in which he sought to reconcile the tension between universalism and particularism by proposing that universality is always incomplete and constituted through the articulation of particular demands of subaltern groups 12 relationship with slavoj žižek edit laclau is known for his long standing dialogue with lacanian arch marxist slavoj žižek this dates back to at least 1989 when laclau wrote the introduction to žižek s first book in english the sublime object of ideology žižek is widely recognized as responsible for laclau s increased acceptance of lacanian ideas and his essay beyond discourse analysis 13 which was published in laclau s new reflections on the revolutions of our time 1990 provided a psychoanalytic critique of laclau s work in 2000 laclau žižek and judith butler published the trialogue contingency hegemony universality in which each responded to the others works in a three essay cycle although žižek and laclau noted their similarities and mutual respect significant political and theoretical differences emerged between all three interlocutors following several acrimonious publications in the early 2000s laclau wrote in on populist reason 2005 that žižek had an impractical and confused approach to politics describing him as waiting for the martians 14 their disagreement escalated in the pages of critical inquiry in 2006 when in a spate of essays the two argued in an increasingly hostile manner about political action marxism and class struggle hegel populism and the lacanian real 15 16 more recently in a 2014 interview with david howarth laclau stated that his relationship with žižek had deteriorated due to the latter adopting a frantic ultra leftist stance wrapped in a leninism of kindergarten 17 bibliography edit politics and ideology in marxist theory nlb 1977 laclau ernesto mouffe chantal 2001 1985 hegemony and socialist strategy london verso books isbn 9781859843307 new reflections on the revolution of our time verso 1990 the making of political identities editor verso 1994 emancipation s verso 1996 contingency hegemony universality with judith butler and slavoj žižek verso 2000 on populist reason phronesis london verso books 2005 isbn 9781859846513 the rhetorical foundations of society verso 2014 see also edit list of deconstructionists references edit townshend jules february 2003 discourse theory and political analysis a new paradigm from the essex school british journal of politics and international relations 5 1 129 142 doi 10 1111 1467 856x 00100 s2cid 146283536 cuáles eran las principales ideas de la obra de ernesto laclau what were the main ideas of the work of ernesto laclau la nacion in spanish 13 april 2014 archived from the original on 18 september 2018 retrieved 18 april 2015 1 2 3 las manos en la masa ernesto laclau contra negri hardt y zizek hands in the dough ernesto laclau against negri hardt and zizek pagina 12 in spanish 5 june 2005 una apuesta por la transformación a commitment to transformation la vanguardia in spanish ernesto laclau el ideólogo de la argentina dividida ernesto laclau the ideologue of divided argentina perfil in spanish 14 april 2014 archived from the original on 19 april 2015 último momento falleció en sevilla el téorico y politólogo argentino ernesto laclau radio rivadavia last moment the argentine theoretician and political scientist ernesto laclau radio rivadavia in spanish rivadavia com ar archived from the original on 14 april 2014 retrieved 13 april 2014 blackburn robin ernesto laclau 1935 2014 verso books retrieved 14 april 2014 laclau mouffe 2001 laclau mouffe 2001 p 108 laclau 2005 p 68 laclau 2005 ernesto laclau le particulier philosophie magazine 21 september 2012 žižek slavoj 1990 beyond discourse analysis london verso books pp 249 260 laclau 2005 p 232 laclau ernesto 2006 why constructing a people is the main task of radical politics critical inquiry 32 4 646 680 doi 10 1086 508086 jstor 10 1086 508086 s2cid 146643004 žižek slavoj 2006 schlagend aber nicht treffend critical inquiry 33 1 185 211 doi 10 1086 509751 jstor 10 1086 509751 s2cid 154718020 laclau ernesto 2014 ernesto laclau post marxism populism and critique abingdon routledge p 271 further reading edit anna marie smith laclau and mouffe the radical democratic imaginary london routledge 1998 david howarth discourse milton keynes open university press 2000 louise philips and marianne jorgensen discourse analysis as theory and method london sage 2002 david howarth aletta norval and yannis stavrakakis eds discourse theory and political analysis manchester manchester university press 2002 simon critchley and oliver marchart eds laclau a critical reader london routledge 2004 warren breckman adventures of the symbolic postmarxism and radical democracy new york columbia university press 2013 david howarth and jacob torfing eds discourse theory in european politics houndmills palgrave 2005 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to ernesto laclau library resources about ernesto laclau resources in your library resources in other libraries by ernesto laclau resources in your library resources in other libraries centre for theoretical studies university of essex includes laclau papers on populism and the philosophical roots of discourse theory ideology and discourse analysis network hearts minds and radical democracy archived 14 may 2016 at the wayback machine interview with ernesto laclau and chantal mouffe entrevista a ernesto laclau sobre el juego de la política curriculum vitae god only knows 1991 article in marxism today socialist strategy where next 1981 article in marxism today by ernesto laclau and chantal mouffe v t e political philosophy terms authority citizenship duty elite emancipation freedom government hegemony hierarchy justice law legitimacy liberty monopoly nation obedience peace people pluralism power progress propaganda property regime revolution rights ruling class society sovereignty state utopia war government aristocracy oligarchy autocracy bureaucracy dictatorship democracy ochlocracy gerontocracy meritocracy monarchy tyranny plutocracy republic technocracy theocracy ideologies agrarianism anarchism capitalism christian democracy colonialism communism communitarianism confucianism conservatism corporatism distributism environmentalism fascism feminism feudalism hindutva imperialism islamism liberalism libertarianism localism marxism monarchism multiculturalism nationalism nazism populism republicanism social darwinism social democracy socialism third way concepts balance of power bellum omnium contra omnes body politic clash of civilizations common good consent of the governed divine right of kings family as a model for the state monopoly on violence natural law negative and positive rights night watchman state noble lie noblesse oblige open society ordered liberty original position overton window separation of powers social contract state of nature statolatry supermajority tyranny of the majority philosophers antiquity aristotle chanakya cicero confucius han fei lactantius mencius mozi plato political philosophy polybius shang sun tzu thucydides xenophon middle ages al farabi aquinas averroes bruni dante gelasius al ghazali ibn khaldun marsilius muhammad nizam al mulk ockham plethon wang early modern period boétie bodin bossuet calvin campanella filmer grotius guicciardini hobbes political philosophy james leibniz locke luther machiavelli milton more müntzer pufendorf spinoza suárez 18th and 19th centuries al afghani bakunin bastiat beccaria bentham bolingbroke bonald burke carlyle comte condorcet constant cortés engels fichte fourier franklin godwin haller hegel herder hume iqbal jefferson kant political philosophy le bon le play madison maistre marx mazzini mill montesquieu nietzsche owen paine proudhon renan rousseau sade saint simon smith spencer de staël stirner taine thoreau tocqueville tucker voltaire 20th and 21st centuries agamben ambedkar apo arendt aron badiou bauman benoist berlin bernstein burnham chomsky dmowski du bois dugin dworkin evola fanon fisher foucault fromm fukuyama gandhi gentile gramsci guénon habermas hayek hoppe huntington kautsky khomeini kirk kropotkin laclau lenin luxemburg mansfield mao marcuse maurras michels mises mosca mouffe negri nozick nursi nussbaum oakeshott ortega pareto popper qutb rand rawls röpke rothbard russell sartre savarkar schmitt scruton shariati sorel spann spengler strauss sun taylor voegelin walzer weber works analects of confucius c 475 bce republic c 375 bce politics c 335 bce on the republic 51 bce siyasatnama 11th century treatise on law c 1274 monarchy 1313 muqaddimah 1337 the prince 1532 patriarcha 1642 leviathan 1651 two treatises of government 1689 the spirit of law 1748 the social contract 1762 reflections on the revolution in france 1790 rights of man 1791 elements of the philosophy of right 1820 democracy in america 1835 1840 the communist manifesto 1848 on liberty 1859 the revolt of the masses 1929 the road to serfdom 1944 the open society and its enemies 1945 the origins of totalitarianism 1951 a theory of justice 1971 the end of history and the last man 1992 the clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order 1996 related authoritarianism collectivism and individualism conflict theories contractualism critique of political economy egalitarianism elite theory elitism history of political thought institutional discrimination jurisprudence justification for the state political ethics p...