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Text of the page (random words):
suggests positive selection of the modern nova1 gene which may have promoted the randomization of neural scaling a subsequent study failed to replicate the differences in organoid morphology between the modern human and the archaic nova1 variant 56 consistent with suspected unwanted side effects of crispr editing in the original study 57 58 srgap2c and neuronal maturation edit less is known about neuronal maturation synaptic gene and protein expression are protracted in line with the protracted synaptic maturation of human cortical neurons so called neoteny this probably relies on the evolution of non coding genomic regions the consequence of the neoteny could be an extension of the period of synaptic plasticity and therefore of learning a human specific duplicated gene srgap2c accounts for this synaptic neoteny and acts by regulating molecular pathways linked to neurodevelopmental disorders 59 other genes are deferentially expressed in human neurons during their development such as osteocrin or cerebelin 2 60 lrrc37b and neuronal electrical properties edit even less is known about molecular specificities linked to the physiology of the human neurons human neurons are more divergent in the genes they express compared to chimpanzees than chimpanzees to gorilla which suggests an acceleration of non coding genomic regions associated with genes involved in neuronal physiology in particular linked to the synapses 61 a hominid specific duplicated gene lrrc37b codes for a transmembrane receptor that is selectively localized at the axon initial segment of human cortical pyramidal neurons 62 it inhibits their voltage gated sodium channels that generate the action potentials leading to a lower neuronal excitability human cortical pyramidal neurons display a lower excitability compared to other mammalian species including macaques and marmosets which could lead to different circuit functions in the human species 63 therefore lrrc37b whose expression has been acquired in the human lineage after the separation from the chimpanzees could be a key gene in the function of the human cerebral cortex lrrc37b binds to secreted fgf13a and scn1b and modulate indirectly the activity of scn8a 62 all involved in neural disorders such as epilepsy and autism therefore lrrc37b may contribute to human specific sensitivities to such disorders both involved defects in neuronal excitability genome repair edit the genomic dna of postmitotic neurons ordinarily does not replicate protection strategies have evolved to ensure the distinctive longevity of the neuronal genome human neurons are reliant on dna repair processes to maintain function during an individual s life time dna repair tends to occur preferentially at evolutionarily conserved sites that are specifically involved with the regulation of expression of genes essential for neuronal identity and function 64 other factors edit many other genetics may also be involved in recent evolution of the brain for instance scientists showed experimentally with brain organoids grown from stem cells how differences between humans and chimpanzees are also substantially caused by non coding dna often discarded as relatively meaningless junk dna in particular via cre regulated expression of the znf558 gene for a transcription factor that regulates the spata18 gene 65 66 spata18 gene encodes a protein and is able to influence lysosome like organelles that are found within mitochondria that eradicate oxidized mitochondrial proteins this helps monitor the quality of the mitochondria as the disregulation of its quality control has been linked to cancer and degenerative diseases 67 this example may contribute to illustrations of the complexity and scope of relatively recent evolution to homo sapiens 68 a change in gene tktl1 could be a key factor of recent brain evolution and difference of modern humans to other apes and neanderthals related to neocortex neurogenesis 69 70 however the archaic allele attributed to neanderthals is present in 0 03 of homo sapiens but no resultant phenotypic differences have been reported in these people 71 additionally as herai et al contend more is not always better in fact enhanced neuron production can lead to an abnormally enlarged cortex and layer specific imbalances in glia neuron ratios and neuronal subpopulations during neurodevelopment 71 72 73 even the original study s authors agree that any attempt to discuss prefrontal cortex and cognitive advantage of modern humans over neandertals based on tktl1 alone is problematic 74 some of the prior study s authors reported a similar arhgap11b mutation in 2016 75 76 epigenetics also play a major role in the brain evolution in and to humans 77 further explanation needed recently evolved traits edit language a genome wide association study meta analysis reported genetic factors of the so far uniquely human language related capacities in particular factors of differences in skill levels of five tested traits it e g 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