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k originally stratōr groom or spatharios later spatharokandidatos he may have commanded provincial detachments of the regiment and there may have been more than one topotērētai at the same time for each of these detachments 57 based on a reference from the hagiography of st joannicius the great 762 846 who was himself recruited into the regiment and served there until deserting it following the battle of marcellae 58 in 773 the regiment itself was divided into at least eighteen banda probably each commanded by a skribōn σκρίβων showing the retention of the role of the earlier scribones as the main subaltern officers of the regiment 48 59 60 each bandon was further divided into sub units headed by a drakonarios δρακονάριος deriving from the late roman draconarius the post was originally that of a standard bearer but after constantine v s reform of the unit into a tagma the drakonarioi probably functioned as junior officers the junior officers also included the skeuophoroi σκευοφόροι standard carriers signophoroi σιγνοφόροι i e signifers and sinatores σινάτορες from the late roman rank of senator now much reduced in prominence 61 62 63 there were also the usual messengers μανδάτορες mandatores under a prōtomandatōr some of whom were also termed legatarioi λεγατάριοι possibly entrusted with police duties 61 63 strength edit the size of the tagma of the excubitors and its subdivisions can not be determined with certainty as with the other tagmata modern scholars are of differing opinions regarding its numerical strength drawing on the lists of officers and accounts of arab geographers ibn khordadbeh and qudamah historian warren treadgold suggested an establishment strength of c 4 000 men which for the scholae and the excubitors rose to c 6 000 with the division of the regiments in the mid 10th century 64 other scholars most prominently john haldon based on a more conservative reading of sources have provided estimates of around 1 000 men for each tagma 65 for security reasons both the scholae and the excubitors were scattered in garrisons in thrace and bithynia rather than being stationed within constantinople making it harder for them to be used in mounting a coup 27 66 67 known commanders of the excubitors edit name tenure notes counts of the excubitors justin i 515 518 count of the excubitors under emperor anastasius i before becoming emperor as count of the excubitors he took part in the suppression of the rebellion of vitalian leading the imperial fleet against the rebel navy 68 priscus 529 a former secretary notarius of justinian i he became count of the excubitors but fell foul of empress theodora and was banished to cyzicus and later a monastery 69 theodore 535 536 as count of the excubitors he served with solomon in north africa where he played a critical role in the battle of mount bourgaon he was murdered in easter 536 in the mutiny led by stotzas 70 marcellus 541 552 count of the excubitors he is described by procopius as an austere and incorruptible man who took part in the discovery of the conspiracy of artabanes in 552 he was member of an embassy to pope vigilius 71 marinus 561 562 count of the excubitors he was charged with suppressing racing faction violence in constantinople and in investigating the conspiracy to assassinate emperor justinian in november 562 72 tiberius ii 565 574 he was appointed count of the excubitors during the reign of justinian i and was a protégé of justin ii in c 570 he led the campaign against the pannonian avars around sirmium and thrace when justin ii became insane as the most influential member of the court he was named caesar and de facto regent 73 maurice 574 582 a notarius of tiberius he was probably appointed count of the excubitors as the latter s successor when tiberius became caesar he likely held his post in tandem with the position of magister militum per orientem commander in chief of the east against the sasanian empire until he himself became caesar in 582 by 577 78 he was also a patrikios 74 philippicus 582 584 603 the husband of maurice s sister gordia he was made count of the excubitors sometime early in maurice s reign and held it until he retired to a monastery in 603 he also served at the same time as magister militum per orientem against the sasanians 75 priscus 603 612 already a distinguished general and patrikios before being appointed as count of the excubitors shortly after phocas came to power in 607 he married domentzia daughter of emperor phocas but conspired with heraclius for the overthrow of phocas he led troops in asia minor against the sasanians but was dismissed and forced to retire as a monk by heraclius in december 612 76 nicetas 612 613 a cousin of the emperor heraclius he participated in the overthrow of phocas and was named a patrikios named count of the excubitors in succession to priscus he led byzantine troops against the sasanians around antioch before going to egypt as governor 77 valentinus 6th 7th century patrikios and count of the imperial exkoubiton komēs tou basilikou exkoubitou known only from his seal of office 78 valentinus 641 an armenian aristocrat he enforced the coronation of constans ii as co emperor alongside heraklonas and was given the position of count of the excubitors from this post he led campaigns against the arabs and may have been responsible for the overthrow of heraklonas and his mother empress regent martina possibly identical to the previous 79 stephen 7th century count of the divine exkoubiton komēs tou theiou exkoubitou known only from his seal of office 80 domestics of the excubitors sisinios early 8th century patrikios magistros and domestic of the excubitors grandfather of patriarch tarasios of constantinople 81 strategios podopagouros 765 a spatharios in one text variant patrikios and domestic of the excubitors domestikos tōn ekskoubitōn sic executed by constantine v during his purge of iconophiles in 765 82 83 84 constantine 780 a spatharios of the vikarios and domestic of the excubitors domestikos tōn ekskoubitorōn sic he participated in a conspiracy against empress regent irene of athens in favor of the caesar nikephoros and finally was arrested and imprisoned in a monastery 82 85 86 niketas 750 800 imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the excubitors known only from his seal of office 87 88 89 arsaber 750 850 imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the exkoubiton domestikos tou exkoubitou known only from his seal of office 87 88 anonymous 811 domestic of the exkoubiton domestikos tou ekskoubitou sic he was killed at the battle of pliska 90 michael ii 813 the future emperor michael ii was appointed to the post of exkoubitos by leo v in 813 and held it for a number of years 82 88 91 anonymous 829 842 exkoubitos and simultaneously dēmokratēs of the greens under emperor theophilos 92 constantine c 842 an armenian he commanded the tagma in 842 92 leo 869 patrikios and domestic of the excubitors he is recorded among the attendants at the 869 church council in constantinople 92 93 ashot 896 an armenian nobleman he was regimental commander exarchōn and fell at the battle of boulgarophygon in 896 92 paul 9th century imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the excubitors known only from his seal of office 87 88 94 sergios 9th century patrikios imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the excubitors known only from his seal of office 87 88 symbatios 850 900 patrikios imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the excubitors known only from his seal of office possibly to be identified with symbatios the armenian fl 860s 87 88 95 theophilos 9th century imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the excubitors known only from his seal of office 87 88 aetios late 9th early 10th century imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the excubitors known only from his seal of office potentially identical with a namesake domestic of the scholae or a droungarios of the vigla of the same name 96 john grapson 917 he commanded the regiment and was killed at the battle of acheloos in 917 his father maroules had been domestic of the tagma of the hikanatoi john skylitzes describes him as a valiant and distinguished warrior 92 93 97 anonymous 949 referred to simply as the exkoubitor he participated with over 700 men and his topotērētēs in the failed expedition to crete in 949 98 pothos argyros c 958 9 he is mentioned as being a patrikios and domestic of the excubitors when he defeated a magyar raid in the balkans identified by some with a namesake domestic of the scholae c 922 92 99 peter 990 referred to as an excubitus he was murdered in southern italy 100 makrotheodoros 997 referred to as an excubitus he was murdered at oria in southern italy 100 theodore 998 mentioned in a deed from southern italy possibly identical with the previous 100 john 950 1050 imperial prōtospatharios epi tou chrysotriklinou uncertain reading and domestic of the excubitors of the west known only from his seal of office 101 nikolitzes kekaumenos turn of 10th 11th century the grandfather of the military writer kekaumenos who records him as domestic of the excubitors of hellas 100 leo patianos 1017 an excubitus who was killed during the revolt of melus of bari in southern italy 100 leo choirosphaktes 1030 commanded the excubitors during romanos iii s failed campaign into northern syria 100 constantine opos 1081 commanded the excubitors during the battle of dyrrhachium against the italo normans 102 martinos possibly also marianos or adrianos 9th 11th century patrikios imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the imperial excubitors domestikos tōn basilikōn exkoubitōn known only from his seal of office 103 notes edit in the roman army excubiae were guard posts and excubitores the guards stationed there 1 references edit ng 2012 1 2 treadgold 1995 pp 13 14 treadgold 1997 p 152 1 2 3 whitby 2000 p 291 evans 1996 pp 11 12 41 1 2 treadgold 1995 p 92 1 2 3 4 5 6 haldon 1984 p 136 1 2 3 bury 1911 p 57 evans 1996 pp 11 13 treadgold 1997 p 218 evans 1996 pp 264 267 treadgold 1997 p 227 treadgold 1997 pp 309 310 kaegi 1981 p 174 haldon 1984 p 164 haldon 1984 pp 136 137 haldon 1984 p 162 haldon 1984 pp 121 136 161 162 haldon 1984 pp 162 164 haldon 1984 p 161 1 2 3 kazhdan 1991 pp 646 647 haldon 1999 p 78 bury 1911 p 48 haldon 1999 p 132 1 2 whittow 1996 p 168 haldon 1984 pp 231 232 1 2 3 haldon 1984 p 234 treadgold 1997 pp 363 364 haldon 1984 pp 232 233 haldon 1984 p 233 treadgold 1997 p 417 whittow 1996 pp 168 170 treadgold 1997 pp 419 420 1 2 haldon 1984 p 235 haldon 1984 pp 242 245 treadgold 1997 pp 428 429 treadgold 1997 p 433 1 2 3 kühn 1991 p 103 wortley 2010 p 359 birkenmeier 2002 pp 156 159 haldon 1999 pp 91 93 treadgold 1995 p 41 1 2 3 4 5 haldon 1984 p 137 haldon 1984 pp 125 126 128 haldon 1984 pp 138 139 1 2 3 haldon 1984 p 138 bury 1911 p 59 1 2 kühn 1991 p 93 haldon 1984 p 290 1 2 3 bury 1911 p 58 1 2 3 4 kühn 1991 p 94 bury 1911 p 105 haldon 1984 pp 258 271 treadgold 1997 p 494 kühn 1991 p 95 haldon 1984 pp 121 138 1 2 haldon 1984 p 291 pmbz ioannikios 3389 corr bury 1911 pp 58 59 haldon 1984 pp 291 292 1 2 bury 1911 pp 59 60 treadgold 1995 pp 102 104 1 2 haldon 1984 pp 292 293 treadgold 1995 p 103 haldon 1999 p 102 treadgold 1997 p 359 kühn 1991 pp 92 93 94 martindale 1980 pp 649 650 1295 martindale 1992 pp 1051 1510 martindale 1992 pp 1248 1510 martindale 1992 pp 815 816 1510 martindale 1992 pp 831 1510 martindale 1992 pp 1324 1325 1510 martindale 1992 pp 856 1510 martindale 1992 pp 1022 1510 martindale 1992 pp 1052 1057 1510 martindale 1992 pp 940 942 1510 martindale 1992 pp 1353 1510 martindale 1992 pp 1354 1355 1510 martindale 1992 pp 1197 1510 pmbz sisinnios 6755 1 2 3 kühn 1991 p 96 haldon 1984 p 355 pmbz strategios podopaguros 7130 haldon 1984 pp 355 356 pmbz konstantinos 3826 1 2 3 4 5 6 kühn 1991 p 99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 haldon 1984 p 356 pmbz niketas 35427 pmbz anonymus 11339 pmbz michael ii 4990 corr 1 2 3 4 5 6 kühn 1991 p 97 1 2 haldon 1984 p 357 pmbz paulos 5863 pmbz symbatios 7170 pmbz aëtios 20144 pmbz ioannes grapson 22915 pmbz anonymus 31259 pmbz pothos argyros 26730 1 2 3 4 5 6 kühn 1991 p 98 pmbz ioannes 23288 kühn 1991 pp 98 99 kühn 1991 p 100 sources edit bury j b philotheus 1911 the imperial administrative system of the ninth century with a revised text of the kletorologion of philotheos london oxford university press birkenmeier john w 2002 the development of the komnenian army 1081 1180 leiden brill academic publishers isbn 90 04 11710 5 evans james allan stewart 1996 the age of justinian the circumstances of imperial power new york routledge isbn 0 415 02209 6 haldon john f 1984 byzantine praetorians an administrative institutional and social survey of the opsikion and tagmata c 580 900 bonn dr rudolf habelt gmbh isbn 3 7749 2004 4 haldon john 1999 warfare state and society in the byzantine world 565 1204 london ucl press isbn 1 85728 495 x kaegi walter emil 1981 byzantine military unrest 471 843 an interpretation amsterdam adolf m hakkert isbn 90 256 0902 3 kazhdan alexander 1991 domestikos ton exkoubiton in kazhdan alexander ed the oxford dictionary of byzantium oxford and new york oxford university press pp 646 647 isbn 0 19 504652 8 kühn hans joachim 1991 die byzantinische armee im 10 und 11 jahrhundert studien zur organisation der tagmata in german vienna fassbaender verlag isbn 3 9005 38 23 9 lilie ralph johannes ludwig claudia pratsch thomas zielke beate 2013 prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen zeit online berlin brandenburgische akademie der wissenschaften nach vorarbeiten f winkelmanns erstellt in german berlin and boston de gruyter martindale john r ed 1980 the prosopography of the later roman empire volume ii ad 395 527 cambridge cambridge university press isbn 0 521 20159 4 martindale john r ed 1992 the prosopography of the later roman empire volume iii ad 527 641 cambridge cambridge university press isbn 0 521 20160 8 ng michael 2012 excubiae the encyclopedia of ancient history wiley doi 10 1002 9781444338386 wbeah19072 isbn 978 1 4051 7935 5 treadgold warren 1995 byzantium and its army 284 1081 stanford california stanford university press isbn 0 8047 3163 2 treadgold warren 1997 a history of the byzantine state and society stanford california stanford university press isbn 0 8047 2630 2 whitby michael 2000 the army c 420 602 in cameron averil ward perkins bryan whitby michael eds the cambridge ancient history volume xiv late antiquity empire and successors a d 425 600 cambridge cambridge university press pp 288 314 isbn 978 0 5213 2591 2 whittow mark 1996 the making of byzantium 600 1025 berkeley and los angeles california university of california press isbn 978 0 520 20496 6 wortley john ed 2010 john skylitzes a synopsis of byzantine history 811 1057 cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 76705 7 further reading edit croke brian 2005 leo i and the palace guard byzantion revue internationale des études byzantines 75 117 151 issn 0378 2506 jstor 44172993 v t e byzantine empire topics history pr...