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ective properties of the lunar surface the 136 10 hz 2 2 m 7 ft 3 in telemetry transmissions from the spacecraft were scattered from the lunar surface and then recorded by use of the 46 m 151 ft stanford dish antenna the reflected signal intensity depended upon the lunar reflectivity the spacecraft altitude above the lunar surface and the mean curvature of the moon the returned signal bandwidth was proportional to the rms lunar surface slopes occultation phenomena permitted a determination of the scattering properties of the lunar limb the dielectric constant of the lunar subsurface in the scattering region below a depth of about 25 cm 9 8 in was then determined from a profile of reflectivity values versus the angle of incidence on the moon the mean lunar slope over each area from which signals were reflected has also been inferred the observations were located within about 10 of the lunar equator experiment operation was normal as of march 1971 6 electron and proton detectors edit three eon type 6213 geiger müller tubes gm1 gm2 and gm3 and a silicon solid state detector ssd provided measurements of solar x rays gm1 only between 2 and 12 a and charged particles in the vicinity of the moon gm1 and gm3 measured electrons of energies greater than 48 to 50 kev and protons of energy greater than 740 to 820 kev while gm2 was shielded by a cap with approximately 1 gram per cm 2 limiting its response to protons of energies greater than about 55 mev the ssd output was discriminated at four thresholds 1 pn1 which detected protons between 0 32 and 6 3 mev 2 pn2 which detected protons between 0 48 and 3 0 mev 3 pn4 which detected alpha particles between 2 and 10 2 mev and 4 pn3 which was sensitive to particles of z greater than 3 including carbon 12 between 0 58 and 9 5 mev per nucleon nitrogen 14 between 0 514 and 13 9 mev per nucleon and oxygen 16 between 0 466 and 18 8 mev per nucleon gm1 and ssd were oriented perpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis gm2 was oriented parallel to the spin axis and gm3 was oriented antiparallel to the spin axis data from gm1 pn1 and pn4 were divided into data from quadrants oriented with respect to the sun sectors i ii iii and iv were centered 180 270 0 and 90 away from the sun respectively data were read out every 82 or 164seconds and the experiment s performance was normal 7 energetic particle edit this experiment consisted of a 12 cm 4 7 in neher type ionization chamber and two lionel type 205 ht geiger müller tubes gm the ion chamber responded omnidirectionally to electrons above 0 7 mev and protons above 12 mev both gm tubes were mounted parallel to the spacecraft spin axis gm tube 1 detected electrons above 45 kev that were scattered off a gold foil the acceptance cone for these electrons had a 70 full angle and an axis of symmetry that was 20 off the spacecraft spin axis gm tube 2 responded to electrons and protons above 22 and 300 kev respectively in an acceptance cone of 70 full angle centered at the spacecraft spin axis both gm tubes responded omnidirectionally to electrons and protons of energies above 2 5 and 50 mev respectively pulses from the ion chamber and counts from each gm tube were accumulated for 39 72 seconds and read out every 40 96 seconds in addition the time between the first ion chamber pulses in an accumulation period was also telemetered this experiment performed well initially 8 gsfc magnetometer edit the experiment consisted of a boom mounted triaxial fluxgate magnetometer each sensor had dual ranges of minus to plus 24 nt and 64 nt with digitization resolutions of 0 094 nt and 0 250 nt respectively zero level drift was checked by periodic reorientation of the sensors until 20 may 1969 when the flipper mechanism failed past this point data analysis was more difficult as the zero level drift of the sensor parallel to the spacecraft spin axis was not readily determined spacecraft interference was less than 0 125 nt one vector measurement was obtained each 5 12 seconds the bandpass of the magnetometer was 0 to 5 hz with a 20 db per decade decrease for higher frequencies except for the flipper failure the experiment functioned normally from launch to spacecraft turnoff on 24 june 1973 9 low energy integral spectrum measurement experiment edit a planar multi grid sensor programmed as a retarding potential analyzer was used to observe the intensity of the electron and ion components of the low energy plasma near the moon integral spectra were obtained for both ions and electrons in the energy range from 1 to 500 ev a complete spectrum was obtained every 80 seconds 10 micrometeorite flux edit this experiment was designed to measure the ionization momentum speed and direction of micrometeorites using thin film charged detectors induction devices and microphones 11 plasma probe edit a multigrid split collector faraday cup mounted on the equator of the spacecraft was used to study the directional intensity of solar wind positive ions and electrons with particular emphasis on the interaction of the solar wind with the moon twenty seven integral current samples requiring about 4 3 s were taken in an energy per charge window from 80 to 2850 ev then the current was sampled in eight differential energy per charge windows between 50 and 5400 ev at the azimuth where the peak current appeared in the previous series of integral measurements these measurements integral and differential took about 25 s both the sum and difference of collector currents were obtained for positive ions only the sum was obtained for electrons a complete set of measurements two collector plate sums and one difference for protons and one collector plate sum for electrons required 328 s the experiment worked well from launch until its failure in july 1968 12 selenodetic studies edit range and range rate tracking data of the explorer 35 satellite as it orbited the moon were used to obtain selenodetic gravity field information based on the perturbations to the satellite orbit imparted by the lunar mass distribution 13 end of mission edit after a successful operation for 6 years the spacecraft was turned off on 24 june 1973 the orbit would have naturally decayed after this point resulting in an impact on the moon at an unknown time and location explorer 35 or explorer xxxv was also known as the anchored interplanetary monitoring platform 2 aimp 2 or imp e 3 see also edit spaceflight portal explorer 33 aimp 1 explorer program references edit explorer 35 nasa solar system exploration nasa s solar system exploration website retrieved 30 november 2022 launch log jonathan s space report 21 july 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 1 2 3 4 5 display explorer 35 aimp 2 1967 070a nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment ames magnetic fields nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain apollo 16 preliminary science report nasa sp 315 1972 chapter 12 lunar portable magnetometer experiment nasa scientific and technical information office experiment bistatic radar observations of the lunar surface nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment electron and proton detectors nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment energetic particle nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment gsfc magnetometer nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment low energy integral spectrum measurement experiment nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment micrometeorite flux nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment plasma probe nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain experiment selenodetic studies nasa 28 october 2021 retrieved 11 november 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain v t e explorers program list of explorers program missions missions 1958 1992 explorer 1 2 3 4 5 s 1 6 s 2 7 s 1a s 46a 8 s 56 9 s 56a s 45 10 11 s 15 s 45a s 55 12 epe a 13 s 55a 14 epe b 15 epe c 16 s 55b 17 ae a 18 imp a 19 ad a s 66a be a 20 ie a 21 imp b 22 be b 23 s 55c 24 ad b 25 injun 4 ie b 26 epe d 27 be c 28 imp c 29 geos a 30 solrad 8 31 dme a 32 ae b 33 imp d 34 imp f 35 imp e 36 geos b 37 solrad 9 38 rae a 39 ad c 40 injun 5 41 imp g 42 uhuru sas a 43 imp i 44 solrad 10 45 sss a 46 mts 47 imp h 48 sas b 49 rae b 50 imp j 51 ae c 52 hawkeye 1 53 sas c 54 ae d 55 ae e dade a dade b 56 isee 1 57 iue 58 hcmm 59 ice 60 sage 61 magsat 62 de 1 63 de 2 64 sme 65 cce 66 cobe 67 euve medium class since 1992 69 rxte 71 ace 77 fuse 78 image 80 wmap fame 84 swift 85 89 themis 92 wise 95 tess 96 icon 102 spherex muse helioswarm uvex small class since 1992 68 sampex 70 fast 73 trace 74 swas 75 wire 81 rhessi 83 galex 90 aim 91 ibex 93 nustar 94 iris gems 97 ixpe 98 101 punch 106 107 tracers cosi probe explorers class since 2024 prima university class missions of opportunity international missions hete 1 72 snoe 76 terriers 79 hete 2 integral 82 chipsat cindi suzaku twins hitomi nicer gold xrism gusto awe 103 105 ezie sunrise case proposals arcus astre escape excede finesse ohmic green titles indicates active current missions grey titles indicates cancelled missions italics indicate missions yet to launch symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned v t e 1966 orbital launches in 1967 1968 intelsat ii f 2 ops 1664 idcsp 9 idcsp 10 idcsp 11 idcsp 12 idcsp 13 idcsp 14 idcsp 15 idcsp 16 kosmos 138 kosmos 139 essa 4 ov3 5 ops 4399 lunar orbiter 3 kosmos 140 ops 6073 diadème 1 kosmos 141 kosmos 142 diadème 2 ops 4750 ops 4204 kosmos 143 kosmos 144 kosmos 145 oso 3 kosmos 146 kosmos 147 kosmos 148 kosmos 149 kosmos 150 ogch no 8 intelsat ii f 3 kosmos 151 kosmos 152 ops 4779 kosmos 153 ats 2 rpm 481 kosmos 154 kosmos 155 unnamed ops 0100 surveyor 3 essa 5 soyuz 1 san marco 2 ops 4243 kosmos 156 ops 6638 ops 6679 ers 18 ers 20 ers 27 lunar orbiter 4 ariel 3 ops 4696 ops 1967 kosmos 157 kosmos 158 kosmos 159 kosmos 160 ops 7218 kosmos 161 ops 4321 ops 5557 explorer 34 molniya 1 no 8 esro 2a nrl pl 151 nrl pl 152 nrl pl 153 nrl pl 154 nrl pl 159 timation 1 calsphere 3 calsphere 4 ops 5712 kosmos 162 ops 4360 kosmos 163 kosmos 164 venera 4 kosmos 165 mariner 5 kosmos 166 ops 3559 ops 1873 kosmos 167 zenit 4 no 32 ops 4286 unnamed secor 9 aurora idcsp 16 idcsp 17 idcsp 18 idcsp 19 les 5 dodge kosmos 168 surveyor 4 kosmos 169 explorer 35 zenit 4 no 33 ops 1879 ov1 11 ov1 12 ov1 86 ogo 4 kosmos 170 lunar orbiter 5 ops 4827 kosmos 171 kosmos 172 ops 4886 ops 7202 kosmos 173 kosmos 174 zenit 2 no 51 biosatellite 2 surveyor 5 kosmos 175 kosmos 176 ops 5089 kosmos 177 kosmos 178 ops 4941 kosmos 179 ops 4947 kosmos 180 unnamed 7k l1 no 4l intelsat ii f 4 molniya 1 no 9 ops 1264 kosmos 181 kosmos 182 kosmos 183 oso 4 molniya 1 no 12 kosmos 184 ops 4995 kosmos 185 kosmos 186 kosmos 187 kosmos 188 kosmos 189 ops 0562 ops 1587 kosmos 190 ats 3 surveyor 6 apollo 4 essa 6 kosmos 191 7k l1 no 5l kosmos 192 kosmos 193 wresat kosmos 194 ov3 6 ops 5000 ops 1001 pioneer 8 ers 30 kosmos 195 kosmos 196 kosmos 197 kosmos 198 payloads are separated by bullets launches by pipes crewed flights are indicated in underline uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets v t e spacecraft missions to the moon exploration programs american apollo artemis clps lunar orbiter lunar precursor pioneer ranger surveyor chinese chang e european terrae novae indian chandrayaan japanese japanese lunar exploration program south korean korean lunar exploration program russian luna glob soviet crewed luna lunokhod zond active missions orbiters artemis capstone chandrayaan 2 chang e 5 t1 danuri lunar reconnaissance orbiter queqiao 1 and 2 tiandu 1 2 icube q landers chang e 4 rovers yutu 2 past missions crewed landings apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 list of apollo astronauts orbiters apollo 8 10 artemis i chang e 1 2 5 chandrayaan 1 3 clementine explorer 35 49 grail hiten ladee longjiang 2 luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 lunar orbiter 1 2 3 4 5 lunar prospector pfs 1 pfs 2 smart 1 selene kaguya okina ouna lunar trailblazer impactors lcross luna 2 moon impact probe ranger 4 6 7 8 9 spacejunk falcon 9 impact in 2026 landers apollo lunar module 6 blue ghost m1 chandrayaan 3 chang e 3 chang e 5 6 luna 9 13 16 17 20 21 23 24 slim surveyor 1 3 5 6 7 rovers lunar roving vehicle apollo 15 16 17 lunokhod 1 2 yutu pragyan 2 3 lev 1 lev 2 sora q jinchan yaoki mapp micro nova astroant sample return apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 luna 16 20 24 chang e 5 6 failed landings beresheet emirates lunar mission hakuto r m1 m2 im 1 2 luna 5 7 8 15 18 25 omotenashi surveyor 2 4 vikram peregrine flybys 4m apollo 13 artemis ii chang e 5 t1 geotail galileo ice longjiang 1 luna 1 3 4 6 lunah map lunar flashlight lunar icecube lunir mariner 10 nea scout nozomi pioneer 4 ranger 5 stereo tess wmap wind zond 3 5 6 7 8 pas 22 argomoon planned missions artemis iv 2028 v 2028 clps griffin m1 2026 im 3 2026 blue ghost m2 2027 blue moon pathfinder 1 2027 blue moon pathfinder 2 2027 blue ghost m3 2028 im 4 2020s im 5 2030 luna glob 26 2028 27a 2029 27b 2030 29 2032 28 2034 30 2036 clep chang e 7 2026 8 2028 chandrayaan 4 2028 5 lupex 2028 klep korean lunar lander 2032 esa lunar pathfinder 2027 lumio 2027 moonlight programme 2028 vmmo 2028 magpie 2029 máni 2029 argonaut m1 2030 others ispace m2 5 2027 ispace m3 2028 ispace m4 2029 cislunar explorers 2020s cu e 3 2020s moonranger 2020s international lunar research station 2030s proposed missions robotic alina artemis 7 blue moon bolas garatéa l isochron lunanet lunar crater radio telescope mccandless moon diver moonraker crewed dse alpha boeing lunar lander lockheed martin lunar lander cancelled concepts altair baden württemberg 1 beresheet 2 dearmoon project european lunar explorer first lunar outpost international lunar network leo lk lunar a lunar gateway lunar lander lunar mission one lunar observer lunokhod 3 moonlite moonrise orbitbeyond project harvest moon prospector resource prospector selene 2 ukrselena xl 1 viper related colonization of the moon we choose to go to the moon one small step google lunar x prize list of lunar probes list of missions to the moon list of artificial objects on the moon list of species that have landed on the moon lunar resources apollo 17 moon mice moon l...