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Text of the page (random words):
g techniques from several areas depending upon their own inclinations and or the needs of the client s and there is a growing movement toward a single generic family therapy that seeks to incorporate the best of the accumulated knowledge in the field and which can be adapted to many different contexts 28 nonetheless there are still a significant number of therapists who adhere more or less strictly to a particular or limited number of approach es 29 the liberation based healing framework for family therapy offers a complete paradigm shift for working with families while addressing the intersections of race class gender identity sexual orientation and other socio political identity markers 30 this theoretical approach and praxis is informed by critical pedagogy feminism critical race theory and decolonizing theory 31 it necessitates an understanding of the ways colonization cisheteronormativity patriarchy white supremacy and other systems of domination impact individuals families and communities and centers the need to disrupt the status quo in how power operates traditional western models of family therapy have historically ignored these dimensions and when white male privilege has been critiqued largely by feminist theory practitioners it has often been to the benefit of middle class white women s experiences 32 while an understanding of intersectionality is of particular significance in working with families with violence a liberatory framework examines how power privilege and oppression operate within and across all relationships liberatory practices are based on the principles of critical consciousness accountability and empowerment these principles guide not only the content of therapeutic work with clients but also the supervisory and training processes for therapists 31 rhea almeida developed the cultural context model as a way to operationalize these concepts into practice through the integration of culture circles sponsors and a socio educational process within the therapeutic work 33 ideas and methods from family therapy have been influential in psychotherapy generally a survey of over 2 500 us therapists in 2006 revealed that of the 10 most influential therapists of the previous quarter century three were prominent family therapists and that the marital and family systems model was the second most utilized model after cognitive behavioral therapy 34 techniques edit family therapy uses a range of counseling and other techniques including structural therapy identifies and re orders the organisation of the family system strategic therapy looks at patterns of interactions between family members systemic milan therapy focuses on belief systems narrative therapy restorying of dominant problem saturated narrative emphasis on context separation of the problem from the person transgenerational therapy transgenerational transmission of unhelpful patterns of belief and behaviour ipscope model and interventive interviewing communication theory psychoeducation psychotherapy relationship counseling relationship education systemic coaching systems theory reality therapy the genogram the number of sessions depends on the situation but the average is 5 20 sessions a family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time this has the advantage of making differences between the ways family members perceive mutual relations as well as interaction patterns in the session apparent both for the therapist and the family these patterns frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns at home even though the therapist is now incorporated into the family system therapy interventions usually focus on relationship patterns rather than on analyzing impulses of the unconscious mind or early childhood trauma of individuals as a freudian therapist would do although some schools of family therapy for example psychodynamic and intergenerational do consider such individual and historical factors thus embracing both linear and circular causation and they may use instruments such as the genogram to help to elucidate the patterns of relationship across generations the distinctive feature of family therapy is its perspective and analytical framework rather than the number of people present at a therapy session specifically family therapists are relational therapists they are generally more interested in what goes on between individuals rather than within one or more individuals although some family therapists in particular those who identify as psychodynamic object relations intergenerational or experiential family therapists efts tend to be as interested in individuals as in the systems those individuals and their relationships constitute depending on the conflicts at issue and the progress of therapy to date a therapist may focus on analyzing specific previous instances of conflict as by reviewing a past incident and suggesting alternative ways family members might have responded to one another during it or instead proceed directly to addressing the sources of conflict at a more abstract level as by pointing out patterns of interaction that the family might have not noticed family therapists tend to be more interested in the maintenance and or solving of problems rather than in trying to identify a single cause some families may perceive cause effect analyses as attempts to allocate blame to one or more individuals with the effect that for many families a focus on causation is of little or no clinical utility a circular way of problem evaluation is used as opposed to a linear route using this method families can be helped by finding patterns of behaviour what the causes are and what can be done to better their situation 35 evidence base edit family therapy has an evolving evidence base a summary of current evidence is available via the uk s association of family therapy 36 evaluation and outcome studies can also be found on the family therapy and systemic research centre website the website also includes quantitative and qualitative research studies of many aspects of family therapy 37 according to a 2004 french government study conducted by french institute of health and medical research family and couples therapy was the second most effective therapy after cognitive behavioral therapy 38 the study used meta analysis of over a hundred secondary studies to find some level of effectiveness that was either proven or presumed to exist of the treatments studied family therapy was presumed or proven effective at treating schizophrenia bipolar disorder anorexia and alcohol dependency 38 concerns and criticism edit in a 1999 address to the coalition of marriage family and couples education conference in washington d c university of minnesota professor william doherty said i take no joy in being a whistle blower but it s time i am a committed marriage and family therapist having practiced this form of therapy since 1977 i train marriage and family therapists i believe that marriage therapy can be very helpful in the hands of therapists who are committed to the profession and the practice but there are a lot of problems out there with the practice of therapy a lot of problems 39 doherty suggested questions prospective clients should ask a therapist before beginning treatment 39 can you describe your background and training in marital therapy what is your attitude toward salvaging a troubled marriage versus helping couples break up what is your approach when one partner is seriously considering ending the marriage and the other wants to save it what percentage of your practice is marital therapy of the couples you treat what percentage would you say work out enough of their problems to stay married with a reasonable amount of satisfaction with the relationship what percentage break up while they are seeing you what percentage do not improve what do you think makes the differences in these results licensing and degrees edit family therapy practitioners come from a range of professional backgrounds and some are specifically qualified or licensed registered in family therapy licensing is not required in some jurisdictions and requirements vary from place to place in the united kingdom family therapists will have a prior relevant professional training in one of the helping professions usually psychologists psychotherapists or counselors who have done further training in family therapy either a diploma or an m sc in the united states there is a specific degree and license as a marriage and family therapist however psychologists nurses psychotherapists social workers or counselors and other licensed mental health professionals may practice family therapy in the uk family therapists who have completed a four year qualifying programme of study msc are eligible to register with the professional body the association of family therapy aft and with the uk council for psychotherapy ukcp a master s degree is required to work as a marriage and family therapist mft in some american states most commonly mfts will first earn a m s or m a degree in marriage and family therapy counseling psychology family studies or social work after graduation prospective mfts work as interns under the supervision of a licensed professional and are referred to as an mfti 40 unreliable medical source prior to 1999 in california counselors who specialized in this area were called marriage family and child counselors today they are known as marriage and family therapists mft and work variously in private practice in clinical settings such as hospitals institutions or counseling organizations marriage and family therapists in the united states and canada often seek degrees from accredited masters or doctoral programs recognized by the commission on accreditation for marriage and family therapy education coamfte a division of the american association of marriage and family therapy requirements vary but in most states about 3000 hours of supervised work as an intern are needed to sit for a licensing exam mfts must be licensed by the state to practice only after completing their education and internship and passing the state licensing exam can a person call themselves a marital and family therapist and work unsupervised license restrictions can vary considerably from state to state contact information about licensing boards in the united states are provided by the association of marital and family regulatory boards there have been concerns raised within the profession about the fact that specialist training in couples therapy as distinct from family therapy in general is not required to gain a license as an mft or membership of the main professional body the aamft 41 values and ethics edit since issues of interpersonal conflict power control values and ethics are often more pronounced in relationship therapy than in individual therapy there has been debate within the profession about the different values that are implicit in the various theoretical models of therapy and the role of the therapist s own values in the therapeutic process and how prospective clients should best go about finding a therapist whose values and objectives are most consistent with their own an early paper on ethics in family therapy written by vincenzo di nicola in consultation with a bioethicist asked basic questions about whether strategic interventions mean what they say and if it is ethical to invent opinions offered to families about the treatment process such as statements saying that half of the treatment team believes one thing and half believes another 42 43 44 45 specific issues that have emerged have included an increasing questioning of the longstanding notion of therapeutic neutrality 46 47 48 a concern with questions of justice and self determination 49 connectedness and independence 50 functioning versus authenticity 8 and questions about the degree of the therapist s pro marriage family versus pro individual commitment 51 the american association for marriage and family therapy requires members to adhere to a code of ethics including a commitment to continue therapeutic relationships only so long as it is reasonably clear that clients are benefiting from the relationship 52 founders and key influences edit some key developers of family therapy are alfred adler individual psychology nathan ackerman psychoanalytic tom andersen reflecting practices and dialogues about dialogues harlene anderson postmodern collaborative therapy and collaborative language systems maurizio andolfi interactional integrative multigenerational and relational family therapy harry j aponte person of the therapist jack a apsche family mode deactivation therapy fmdt gregory bateson 1904 1980 cybernetics systems theory ivan boszormenyi nagy contextual therapy intergenerational relational ethics murray bowen systems theory intergenerational steve de shazer solution focused therapy vincenzo di nicola cultural family therapy milton h erickson hypnotherapy strategic therapy brief therapy richard fisch brief therapy strategic therapy james framo object relations theory intergenerational family of origin therapy edwin friedman family process in religious congregations harry goolishian postmodern collaborative therapy and collaborative language systems john gottman marriage robert jay green lgbt cross cultural issues douglas haldane attachment based couple therapist jay haley strategic therapy communications lynn hoffman strategic post systems collaborative don d jackson systems theory sue johnson emotionally focused therapy attachment theory walter kempler gestalt psychology cloe madanes strategic therapy salvador minuchin structural family therapy braulio montalvo structural family therapy 53 virginia satir communications experiential conjoint and co therapy mara selvini palazzoli milan family systems therapy roy shuttleworth drama therapy group therapy marital robin skynner group analysis karl tomm ipscope model and interventive interviewing bringforthism paul watzlawick brief therapy systems theory john weakland brief therapy strategic therapy systems theory carl whitaker family systems experiential co therapy michael white narrative therapy lyman wynne schizophrenia pseudomutuality summary of theories and techniques edit references 54 55 56 57 theoretical model theorists summary techniques adlerian family therapy alfred adler also known as individual psychology sees the person as a whole ideas include compensation for feelings of inferiority leading to striving for significance toward a fictional final goal with a private logic birth order and mistaken goals are explored to examine mistaken motivations of children and adults in the family constellation psychoanalysis typical day reorienting re educating attachment theory john bowlby mary ainsworth douglas haldane individuals are shaped by their experiences with caregivers in the first three years of life used as a foundation for object relations theory the stra...