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muslim scholars have stated that observing the fast is forbidden for menstruating women however when a woman s period has ceased she must bathe and continue fasting any fasts broken or missed due to menstruation must be made up whenever she can before the next month of ramadan not all muslims believe missing fasts due to menstruation must be made up women must fast at times when not menstruating as the quran indicates that all religious duties are ordained for both men and women the reason for this is because the quran refers to menstruation as say it is a discomfort menstruation clarification needed according to nouman ali khan an islamic speaker in the united states the reason for this prohibition is because of the pain associated with it a muslim woman may still do dhikr remembrance of allah and make dua supplication to allah during this time a 2 fasting is obligatory for a person if they fulfill five conditions 2 they are muslims they are accountable past the age of puberty they are able to fast they are settled not traveling there are no impediments to fasting such as sickness extreme pain from injury breastfeeding or pregnancy breaking the fast and the consequences edit during ramadan if one unintentionally breaks the fast by eating or drinking then they must continue fasting for the rest of the day and the fast remains valid those who intentionally break the fast by eating or drinking they have to make up for that and also repent for breaking fast by having sexual intercourse the consequences are free a slave and if that is not possible fast for two consecutive hijri moon months and if that is not possible feed or clothe sixty people in need during voluntary fasts if one unintentionally breaks the fast then they may continue for the rest of the day and the fast remains valid if one intentionally breaks the fast there is no sin on them because it is only voluntary 16 17 breaking oaths and consequences edit if an oath is given and circumstances dictate that it must be broken or if the one giving the oath deliberately breaks it one must offer expiation kaffara by freeing a slave or feeding or clothing ten needy people with the average of what is needed for one s own family or if neither of those can be done then a fast for three days is prescribed instead 18 beginning and ending edit ending the fast at a mosque in accordance with traditions handed down from muhammad muslims eat a pre dawn meal called suhur all eating and drinking must be finished before the adhan for fajr the pre dawn call to prayer unlike the zuhr and the maghrib prayer which have clear astronomical definitions afternoon and after sunset there are several definitions used in practice for the timing of true dawn al fajr al ṣādiq as mentioned in the hadith these range from when the center of the sun is 12 to 21 degrees below the horizon 19 which equates to about 40 to 60 minutes before civil dawn there are no restrictions on the morning meal other than those of islamic dietary laws after completing the suhur muslims recite the fajr prayer no food or beverage can be taken after suhur water can enter the mouth but not be swallowed during wudu the meal eaten to end the fast is known as iftar muslims break the fast with dates and water before the maghrib prayer after which they might eat a more wholesome meal spiritual aspect edit fasting has been prescribed to all muslims as a form of religious obligation for overcoming their lust and desires within a reasonable limit so that one can control oneself and prevent becoming a slave to their appetites the qur an states that if humans cannot prevent themselves from desires then they cannot achieve salvation as for him who fears to stand before his lord and restrains himself from low desires paradise is surely the abode quran 79 40 41 20 muslims abstain from a permissible norm of daily life due to the command of allah so it strengthens one s self control and increases consciousness of the lord it is not prescribed as a punishment for people or to inflict burdensome practices it is a moral and spiritual training whose underlying idea is to teach moderation and spiritual discipline so that human temptations do not surpass the moral disciplines implemented in islam furthermore fasting is mandatory for only a definite period of time and does not promote total renunciation from the appetite of the flesh eating drinking and sexual intercourse become permissible for a human at the end of the fast therefore islamic fasting aims at promoting proper limits within its natural bounds health effects edit see also health effects of fasting islamic fasting as a time restricted eating habit that inverts the normal human day night routine for observance can have deleterious health effects on sleep patterns and general health fasting in ramadan has been shown to alter the sleep patterns 21 and the associated hormone production however other medical sources have noted that ramadan fasting when practiced properly can help regulate cholesterol levels support natural detoxification processes and improve mood and mental clarity through changes in metabolic and neurochemical activity 22 statistical comparison of thousands of school children part of whom was born without the month of ramadan during pregnancy and part of whom where ramadan coincided with the pregnancy has revealed lower cognitive capability and lower growth in adolescence if the mother observed ramadan fasting during pregnancy children whose mothers fasted during ramadan also have a higher incidence of several chronic diseases e g type 2 diabetes 23 see the ruling regarding fasting pregnant women fasting is one of the alternatives proved to reduce the dpp 4 level and activate the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and so prevent osteoporosis on the other hand the circadian rhythm has a direct relationship with osteoporosis this has been found by the biochemical markers indicating that fasting at certain hours of the day especially during those hours of the day which are recommended as part of the muslim tradition islamic fasting is very effective in reducing the effects of osteoporosis 24 the education departments of berlin and the united kingdom have tried to discourage students from fasting during ramadan as they claim that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades 25 26 ramadan fasting has also been associated with loss of workplace productivity by 35 to 50 27 28 many of the purported health benefits associated with ramadan fasting only take into account abstinence from food while ignoring the lack of water intake which can have a harmful impact even in healthy individuals 29 in many cultures it is associated with heavy food and water intake during suhur and iftar times which may do more harm than good ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people provided that overall food and water intake is adequate but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they encounter health problems before or during fasting 30 the fasting period is usually associated with modest weight loss but weight can return afterward 31 a review of the literature by an iranian group suggested fasting during ramadan might produce renal injury in patients with moderate gfr 60 ml min or severe kidney disease but was not injurious to renal transplant patients with good function or most stone forming patients 32 however since sick and or at risk individuals are exempted from the obligation of fasting ramadan fasting may be skipped instead ramadan fasting can be potentially hazardous for pregnant women as it is associated with risks of inducing labor and causing gestational diabetes although it does not appear to affect the child s weight it is permissible to not fast if it threatens the woman s or the child s lives however in many instances pregnant women are normal before the development of complications 33 34 35 36 37 thus it may be advisable for pregnant women to skip fasting and pay fidyah instead if the women are able to pay poor people may be exempted fully 23 if one is at risk of dehydration or other medical risks which may lead to serious consequences then it is permitted to break one s fast 38 it has been advised to span the water intake throughout the night instead of drinking heavily at a single time and not to overeat upon the breaking of the fast as a solution of the usually reported excessive water and food intake on the sunset excessive eating and drinking is actually prohibited in islam one can break their fast and substitute it on other months or pay fidyah if they are an obvious risk of health concerns breastfeeding or pregnant fidyah in this case or in a work requiring hard physical labor according to muhammad abduh 38 it is permissible to skip fasting for a healthy person upon obvious risk even if he has not fallen the risk yet and the author of al mughni ibn qudamah stated in his book that some scholars even permitted skipping fast upon very light harm such as toothache or bruises on skin and if a traveling person is permitted to skip fast even if he is able to then these types of sickness should be permitted this position is said to be held by bukhari ata and the zahiris 38 days edit month of ramadan edit main article fasting during ramadan fasting in the month of ramadan is considered fard ibn qudamah said that there is consensus of the muslims that fasting is compulsory in the month of ramadan 39 days of oath edit if someone swears or makes an oath for example if i graduate with a good mark i will fast for three days for allah then common belief dictates that one should fulfil this this type of fasting is considered obligatory breaking such an oath is considered sinful days for voluntary fasting edit muslims are encouraged although not obliged to fast on certain days such as mondays and thursdays 40 any 6 days in the lunar or islamic month of shawwal is desirable if possible 41 the white days the 13th 14th and 15th day of each lunar month hijri the day of arafah 9th of dhu i hijja in the islamic hijri calendar as often as possible in the months of rajab and sha aban before ramadan first 9 days of dhu al hijjah in the islamic calendar but not for any who are performing hajj the pilgrimage tasua 9th day and ashura 10th day of muharram for sunnis only 42 days when fasting is forbidden edit although fasting is considered a pious act in islam there are times when fasting is considered prohibited or discouraged according to the majority of the sunni scholars eid al adha and three days following it because muhammad said you are not to fast these days they are days of eating and drinking and remembering allah reported by abu hurairah eid al fitr it is also forbidden to single out fridays and only fast every friday as abdullah b amr b al as said that he heard muhammad say verily friday is an eid holiday for you so do not fast on it unless you fast the day before or after it fasting every day of the year is considered non rewarding muhammad said there is no reward for fasting for the one who perpetually fasts this hadith is considered authentic by sunni scholars 43 fasting on ashura for shi a muslims has generally been discouraged or forbidden 44 45 46 the quran contains no other prohibition regarding the days of fasting in polar regions edit map showing the dates of midnight sun at various latitudes left and the total number of nights main article islam in the arctic fasting during ramadan nothing in the quran states directly any instruction in the polar regions of earth and fasting according to the opinion of the council of senior scholars in saudi arabia at polar latitudes june solstices feature the midnight sun and december solstices have polar night these natural phenomena occur because the earth s axis tilts toward the sun in summer and away from the sun in winter causing the poles to be exposed to the sun s rays for six months each nonstop the reason most of the earliest muslims did not experience these phenomena during islam s early days is that they did not live in polar regions but in the subtropics where the sun can be directly overhead and does set at night in the ma ariful qur an it is said that the quran states citation needed during ramadan eat and drink until the white thread of dawn appears to you distinct from its black thread qur an 2 187 this results that fasting is a duty for muslims only when days and nights exist otherwise fasting is not necessary 47 the muslims of svalbard in norway have to fast only when a night occurs within one 24 hour period if ramadan comes in june or december they may leave fasting and then complete their fasting in the march or september equinox when days and nights are equalised by the sun in svalbard in islamic law it is called qaḍē god intends every facility for you he does not want to put you in difficulties he wants you to complete the prescribed period and to glorify him in that he has guided you and perchance ye shall be grateful qur an 2 184 see also edit islam portal ancillaries of the faith fidyah and kaffara the white days sauma in mandaeism notes edit qur an 2 222 references edit islam history retrieved 2020 01 24 1 2 3 chittick william c murata sachiko 1994 the vision of islam paragon house isbn 9781557785169 1 2 3 4 5 islam prayer encyclopedia britannica retrieved 2020 01 24 sawm religion meaning reasons importance britannica encyclopedia britannica archived from the original on 2025 05 13 retrieved 2026 02 22 ramadan islam fasting timing traditions rules meanings iftar eid al fitr britannica encyclopedia britannica archived from the original on 2026 01 26 retrieved 2026 02 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 islamreligion com the fourth pillar of islam the fast of ramadan www islamreligion com retrieved 2020 01 24 jenkins philip 31 july 2006 the new faces of christianity believing the bible in the global south p 182 oxford university press kindle edition chandler paul gordon 1 october 2008 pilgrims of christ on the muslim road exploring a new path between two faiths cowley publications p 88 isbn 9780742566033 introduction to translation of sahih muslim www iium edu my retrieved 2019 12 10 frey wendy 1994 history alive the medieval world and beyond palo alto teacher s curriculum institute isbn 978 1583719169 fataawa al lajnah al daa imah vol 10 p 246 ramadanali january 2006 fasting in islam and the month of ramadan tughra books isbn 978 1932099942 quran 2 187 translated by shakir hadith book of fasting sunan ibn majah sunnah com sayings and teachings of prophet muhammad صلى الله عليه و سلم sunnah com retrieved 2020 12 26 sawm fasting the month of ramadan islamtomorrow com majmoo al fataawa 20 narrated by al daaraqutni no 24 classed as hasan by al haafiz in al fath 4 210 surah al ma idah 5 89 al qur an al kareem retrieved september 4 2017 al fajr as sadiq a new perspective al islam org 20 january 2013 quran 79 40 41 bahammam ahmed 2004 effect of fasting during ramadan on sleep architecture daytim...