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of prisons was established within the department of justice on may 14 1930 by the united states congress 6 and was charged with the management and regulation of all federal penal and correctional institutions 7 this responsibility covered the administration of the 11 federal prisons in operation at the time by the end of 1930 the system had expanded to 14 institutions with 13 000 inmates and a decade later in 1940 the system had 24 institutions with 24 360 incarcerated a statute in may 1930 provided for the employment of prisoners 8 the creation of a corporation for the purpose was authorized by a statute in june 1934 9 10 and the federal prison industries was created by executive order in december 1934 by franklin d roosevelt 10 11 the state of alaska assumed jurisdiction over its corrections on january 3 1959 using the alaska department of corrections prior to statehood the bop had correctional jurisdiction over alaska 12 as a result of the sentencing reform act of 1984 and subsequent legislation which pushed for longer sentences less judicial discretion and harsher sentences for drug related offenses the federal inmate population doubled in the 1980s and again in the 1990s the population increase decelerated in the early 2000s but the population continued to increase until 2014 13 14 the national capital revitalization and self government improvement act of 1997 transferred responsibility for adult felons convicted of violating district of columbia laws to the bop charles e samuels jr became the first african american director in 2011 15 administration and employees edit colette s peters resigned as of january 20 2025 and deputy director william lothrop served as the acting director until his retirement on february 28 2025 the bureau of prisons current director william k marshall iii was sworn in on april 21 2025 16 17 as of december 2024 60 5 of bureau employees are white 21 5 are black 14 3 are hispanic 2 5 are asian and 1 2 are native american 18 70 7 are male and 29 3 are female 19 there is roughly one corrections officer for every 12 5 prisoners 20 all bop law enforcement employees undergo 200 hours of formal training in their first year of employment and an additional 120 hours of training at the federal law enforcement training centers fletc in glynco georgia 21 past directors edit portrait 22 director took office left office sanford bates 1930 1937 james v bennett 1937 1964 myrl e alexander 1964 1970 norman a carlson 1970 1987 j michael quinlan july 1987 1992 kathleen hawk sawyer december 4 1992 april 4 2003 harley g lappin april 4 2003 december 21 2011 charles e samuels jr december 21 2011 january 9 2016 mark s inch september 18 2017 may 18 2018 hugh hurwitz acting may 18 2018 august 19 2019 kathleen hawk sawyer august 19 2019 february 25 2020 michael d carvajal february 25 2020 august 2 2022 colette s peters august 2 2022 january 20 2025 william marshall iii april 21 2025 present types of federal prisons edit main article list of united states federal prisons the united states medical center for federal prisoners a unit for male prisoners requiring medical care the bop has five security levels federal prison camps fpcs the bop minimum security facilities feature a lack of or a limited amount of perimeter fencing and a relatively low staff to inmate ratio low security federal correctional institutions fcis have double fenced perimeters and inmates live mostly in cubicles or dormitory housing medium security fcis and some united states penitentiaries usps are classified to hold medium security inmates the medium facilities have strengthened perimeters which often consist of double fences with electronic detection systems medium security facilities mostly have cell housing most u s penitentiaries are classified as high security facilities the perimeters are highly secured and often have reinforced fences or walls federal correctional complexes fccs are co locations of bop facilities with different security levels and or genders 23 administrative security facilities are prisons with special missions and capabilities an example would be federal medical centers which house sick and injured inmates getting medical care that is beyond the capabilities of a normal institution some units have small adjacent minimum security satellite camps twenty eight institutions hold female inmates as of 2010 update about 15 of bureau inmates are in facilities operated by third parties mostly private companies while others are in local and state facilities some are in privately operated residential reentry centers rrc or community corrections centers the bureau uses contract facilities to manage its own prison population because they are especially useful for housing low security specialized groups of people such as sentenced criminal aliens 24 officers edit officers employed by the fbop are uniformed federal law enforcement officers who are responsible for the care custody and control of federal inmates primary law enforcement officers working for the bureau of prisons have statutory powers of arrest per the united states code and the ability to carry a firearm off duty 25 the bop has multiple specialty units including the special operations response team crisis negotiation team special investigative service and disturbance control team bop special operations response teams sort and disturbance control teams dct are trained specifically for high risk crises both inside and outside of correctional environments focusing on containment de escalation and use of force 26 sort units are highly specialized tactical teams used for high risk scenarios like hostage situations riot control and other emergency operations their training is rigorous and ongoing initial selection certification members undergo a demanding selection process including physical fitness assessments policy examinations and courses in basic tactical skills like rappelling building entries and disturbance control monthly annual training sort members must complete a minimum of 96 hours of training annually often exceeding 16 hours monthly in areas such as firearms proficiency handling and using various weapons including submachine guns and less lethal options riot control techniques training using simulated prison disturbances and large scale mock operations use of force training emphasizes the use of chemical agents like oc spray distraction devices flash bangs and specialty impact munitions hostage negotiation integration training involves working alongside negotiation teams during scenario based exercises breaching and tactical movement specialized training for forced entry into barricaded areas or cells dct units are distinct from sort and focus primarily on crowd control scenarios within prisons their training is less specialized and rigorous than sort with annual requirements of around 40 hours of training per year focusing on core skills for managing inmate disturbances both teams are routinely activated to assist other federal agencies in managing incidents such as the nationwide protests in 2020 following the murder of george floyd by a police officer 26 27 inmate population edit past inmate population totals 28 fy population change 2000 145 125 11 436 2001 156 572 11 447 2002 163 436 6 864 2003 172 499 9 063 2004 179 895 7 396 2005 187 394 7 499 2006 192 584 5 190 2007 200 020 7 436 2008 201 668 1 648 2009 208 759 7 091 2010 210 227 1 468 2011 217 768 7 541 2012 218 687 919 2013 219 298 611 2014 214 149 5 149 2015 205 723 8 426 2016 192 170 13 553 2017 185 617 6 553 2018 181 698 3 919 2019 177 214 4 484 2020 155 562 21 652 2021 155 826 264 2022 159 090 3 264 2023 158 424 666 2024 158 864 440 as of december 2024 the bureau was responsible for approximately 157 504 inmates 28 in 122 facilities 29 56 7 of inmates were white 38 9 were black 2 9 native american and 1 5 asian 93 5 were male and 6 5 were female 30 29 2 were of hispanic ethnicity which may be any of these four races 31 74 5 of inmates were between the ages of 26 and 50 32 as of 1999 update 14 000 prisoners were in 16 federal prisons in the state of texas 33 as of 2010 update almost 8 000 felons in 90 facilities sentenced under d c laws made up about 6 of the total bureau population 34 as of august 2020 46 2 of inmates were incarcerated for drug offenses 35 the bop receives all prisoner transfer treaty inmates sent from foreign countries even if their crimes would have been tried in state dc or territorial courts if committed in the united states 36 female inmates edit see also incarceration of women in the united states as of 2015 27 bureau facilities house women the bureau has a mothers and infants nurturing together mint program for women who enter the system as inmates while pregnant the bureau pays for abortion only if it is life threatening for the woman but it may allow for abortions in non life threatening cases if non bop funds are used 37 the use of shackles to restrain pregnant women has historically been a controversial issue in the prison system 38 in 2018 the first step act prohibited the use of restraints on pregnant women unless the woman poses a health or security threat 39 in 2017 four democratic senators including kamala harris introduced a bill explicitly requiring tampons and pads to be free for female prisoners in august 2017 the bureau introduced a memorandum requiring free tampons and pads the previous 1996 memorandum stated products for female hygiene needs shall be available without requiring them to be free of charge 40 a 2018 review by the evaluation and inspections division office of the inspector general u s department of justice found the bureau s programming and policy decisions did not fully consider the needs of female inmates in the areas of trauma treatment programming pregnancy programming and feminine hygiene 41 juvenile inmates edit as of 2010 update juveniles sent into bureau custody are between 17 and 20 and must have been under 18 at the time of the offense according to the bureau most of the juveniles it receives had committed violent crimes and had an unfavorable history of responding to interventions and preventive measures in the community in 2010 most federal juvenile inmates were from arizona montana south dakota nebraska and the district of columbia 42 as of june 2024 there are 14 juvenile inmates those under the age of 18 in bop custody 43 the bureau contracts with facilities that house juvenile offenders title 18 u s c 5039 specifies that no juvenile committed may be placed or retained in an adult jail or correctional institution in which he has regular contact with adults incarcerated because they have been convicted of a crime or are awaiting trial on criminal charges the definition includes secure facilities and community based correctional facilities federally sentenced juveniles may be moved into federal adult facilities at certain points juveniles sentenced as adults are moved into adult facilities when they turn 18 and juveniles that were sentenced as juveniles are moved into adult facilities when they turn 21 44 death row inmates edit main article capital punishment by the united states federal government united states penitentiary terre haute the location of the federal death row for men and the federal execution chamber the anti drug abuse act of 1988 reinstituted the federal death penalty 45 on july 19 1993 the federal government designated the united states penitentiary terre haute in indiana as the site of execution for both males and females sentenced to execution the federal medical center carswell in texas holds the female inmates who have been sentenced to death some male death row inmates are instead held at adx florence 46 under the trump administration the bop carried out 13 executions 47 on december 23 2024 president biden commuted 37 of the 40 current federal death row inmates to life in prison without the possibility of parole 48 this leaves just 3 inmates on federal death row robert gregory bowers dylann roof and dzhokhar tsarnaev overpopulation and responses edit parole was abolished for federal inmates in 1987 and inmates must serve at least 85 of their original sentence before being considered for good behavior release the current sentencing guidelines were adopted in response to rising crime rates in the 1980s and early 1990s especially for drug related offenses 49 50 some analysts and activists believe that strict federal sentencing guidelines have led to overcrowding and needlessly incarcerated thousands of non violent drug offenders who would be better served by drug treatment programs 51 the yearly increases in the federal inmate population have raised concerns from criminal justice experts 52 and even among doj officials themselves michael horowitz the doj inspector general wrote a memorandum concerning this issue first despite a slight decrease in the total number of federal inmates in fiscal year fy 2014 the department projects that the costs of the federal prison system will continue to increase in the years ahead consuming a large share of the department s budget second federal prisons remain significantly overcrowded and therefore face a number of important safety and security issues 53 in an effort to address overpopulation director marshall shared the bop would expand the use of home confinement and place an emphasis on compliance with the first step act 54 a law where eligible inmates can earn up to 15 days off their sentence per month to reduce non violent prison population 55 covid 19 pandemic edit by july 30 2020 there were 2 910 federal inmates and 500 bop staff who had confirmed positive test results for covid 19 during the nationwide covid 19 pandemic 7312 inmates and 683 staff have recovered there have been 99 federal inmate deaths and two bop staff member deaths attributed to covid 19 56 the bop conducted executions during the pandemic that reportedly did not adhere to physical distancing rules leading to criticism that the bop was facilitating superspreader events staff reportedly refused to wear face masks a violation of court orders and knowingly withheld information about confirmed covid 19 diagnoses from people who had interacted with infected individuals along with hindering contact tracing efforts and allowing staff members who had been exposed to covid 19 to refuse testing and work public health experts called for a delay in executions as they could not be carried out safely without risking the spread of covid 19 57 line of duty deaths edit according to odmp 33 officers of the bop have been killed in the line of duty 58 see also edit united states portal law portal federal crime in the united states list of u s federal prisons list of united states federal law enforcement agencies national institute of corrections federal prison industries inc unicor references edit bop about our agency federal bureau of prisons may 2 2020 archived from the original on april 30 2020 retrieved may 2 2020...