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him at the holy forty martyrs church in tarnovo and was recognized by the ottoman empire and the other european powers 5 the tarnovo constitution was retained with the word prince replaced by the word tsar on a visit to german emperor wilhelm ii his second cousin once removed in 1909 ferdinand was leaning out of a window of the new palace in potsdam when the emperor came up behind him and slapped him on the bottom ferdinand was affronted by the gesture but the kaiser refused to apologize ferdinand however exacted his revenge by awarding a valuable arms contract he had intended to give to the krupp s factory in essen to french arms manufacturer schneider creusot 9 another incident occurred on his journey to the funeral of his second cousin king edward vii of the united kingdom in 1910 a tussle broke out over where his private railway carriage would be positioned in relation to the heir presumptive to the austro hungarian throne archduke franz ferdinand the archduke won out having his carriage positioned directly behind the engine ferdinand s was placed directly behind his realising the dining car of the train was behind his own carriage ferdinand obtained his revenge on the archduke by refusing him passage through his own carriage to the dining car 10 on 15 july the same year during a visit to belgium ferdinand also became the first head of state to fly in an airplane he awarded the pilot of the plane with a medal when they landed 11 balkan wars 1912 1913 edit main article balkan wars like many other rulers before him ferdinand desired the creation of a new byzantium a desire that has to be interpreted as wanting to create a significant essentially christian balkan power given that bulgaria and bulgarians had neither cultural ethnic historical nor linguistic affinity with the old byzantine empire which was quintessentially roman and evolving through the centuries greek 12 in 1912 ferdinand joined the other balkan states in an assault on the ottoman empire to free occupied territories he saw this war as a new crusade declaring it a just great and sacred struggle of the cross against the crescent 13 bulgaria contributed the most and also lost the greatest number of soldiers the great powers insisted on the creation of an independent albania 5 though the balkan league allies had fought together against the common enemy in the first balkan war that was not enough to overcome their mutual rivalries in the original documents for the balkan league serbia had been pressured by bulgaria to hand over most of vardar macedonia after it had conquered it from the ottoman empire however serbia in response to the new albanian state receiving territory in the north that it had expected to gain for itself said that it would keep possession of the areas that its forces had occupied soon after bulgaria began the second balkan war when it invaded its recent allies serbia and greece to seize disputed areas before being attacked itself by romania and the ottoman empire although bulgaria was defeated the 1913 treaty of bucharest granted the kingdom some territorial gains the region of western thrace giving access to the aegean sea was secured 5 first world war and abdication 1915 1918 edit main article bulgaria during world war i emperor wilhelm and tsar ferdinand in sofia 1916 on 11 october 1915 the bulgarian army attacked serbia after signing a treaty with austria hungary and germany stating that bulgaria would gain the territory it sought at the expense of serbia while he was not an admirer of german emperor wilhelm ii or austrian emperor franz josef i whom he described as that idiot that old dotard of a francis joseph 14 ferdinand wanted additional territorial gains after the humiliation of the balkan wars this also entailed forming an alliance with his former enemy the ottoman empire this ranging of his country with the central powers made him a de facto supporter of germany s war aims and was not well received by the allies edmund gosse wrote 15 in this war where the ranks of the enemy present to us so many formidable sinister and shocking figures there is one and perhaps but one which is purely ridiculous if we had the heart to relieve our strained feelings by laughter it would be at the gross coburg traitor with his bodyguard of assassins and his hidden coat of mail his shaking hands and his painted face the world has never seen a meaner scoundrel and we may almost bring ourselves to pity the kaiser whom circumstances have forced to accept on equal terms a potentate so verminous during the initial phase of world war i the tsardom of bulgaria achieved several decisive victories over its enemies and laid claim to the disputed territories of macedonia after serbia s defeat for the next two years the bulgarian army shifted its focus towards repelling allied advances from nearby greece they were also partially involved in the 1916 conquest of neighboring romania now ruled by another ferdinand i who was also ferdinand s first cousin once removed to save the bulgarian monarchy after multiple military setbacks in 1918 tsar ferdinand abdicated in favour of his eldest son who became tsar boris iii on 3 october 1918 16 under new leadership bulgaria surrendered to the entente and as a consequence lost not only the additional territory it had fought for in the major conflict but also the territory it had won after the balkan wars giving access to the aegean sea 16 personal life edit wwi era portrait of ferdinand i according to her memoirs ferdinand i was vehemently in love with archduchess louise of austria and proposed marriage to her but she refused let me assure you at once that i do not and could not love you and should not be happy as your wife i quite realise your worldly advantages but you would never be able to give me real happiness i m sure you only want to marry me because i am an austrian archduchess the word archduchess stands for love in your vocabulary and you have promised your ministers to return to bulgaria betrothed to me well i shall not marry you you d better go to the duke of parma and ask him for my cousin marie louise 17 ferdinand married princess marie louise of bourbon parma daughter of robert i duke of parma and princess maria pia of bourbon two sicilies on 20 april 1893 at the villa pianore in lucca steven constant describes this as a marriage of convenience 18 the marriage produced four children boris iii 1894 1943 kyril 1895 1945 eudoxia 1898 1985 nadezhda 1899 1958 marie louise died on 31 january 1899 after giving birth to her youngest daughter ferdinand did not think about remarriage until his mother princess clémentine died in 1907 to satisfy dynastic obligations and to provide his children with a mother figure ferdinand married princess eleonore reuss of köstritz on 28 february 1908 19 neither romantic love or physical attraction played any role and ferdinand treated her as no more than a member of the household and showed scant regard 20 in his private relations ferdinand was a somewhat hedonistic individual he enjoyed affairs with a number of women of humble position siring a number of illegitimate children whom he then supported financially 20 in his later life rumours abounded of ferdinand s trysts with lieutenants and valets his regular holidays on capri then a popular holiday destination with wealthy epicenes were common knowledge in royal courts throughout europe 21 he was remembered in his cousin s memoir prince ferdinand who was a coburg was a cousin of my father s and i remember the latter saying when we got back to the hotel that being the youngest of his family he was naturally looked upon as a fool but said my father for the fool of the family he has not done so badly for himself and i should not be surprised if he did not prove them all to be wrong he was always mocked at by his relations for covering himself with orders and decorations created by himself and he was rudely nicknamed the christmas tree 22 exile and death 1918 1948 edit after his abdication ferdinand returned to live in coburg germany he had managed to salvage much of his fortune and was able to live in some style 23 he saw his being in exile simply as one of the hazards of kingship 23 he commented kings in exile are more philosophic under reverses than ordinary individuals but our philosophy is primarily the result of tradition and breeding and do not forget that pride is an important item in the making of a monarch we are disciplined from the day of our birth and taught the avoidance of all outward signs of emotion the skeleton sits forever with us at the feast it may mean murder it may mean abdication but it serves always to remind us of the unexpected therefore we are prepared and nothing comes in the nature of a catastrophe the main thing in life is to support any condition of bodily or spiritual exile with dignity if one sups with sorrow one need not invite the world to see you eat 24 he was pleased that the throne could pass to his son ferdinand was not displeased with exile and spent much of his time devoted to artistic endeavors gardening travel and natural history in 1922 the bulgarian government gave former king ferdinand i who had been living in exile since 1918 permission to return to sofia the kingdom of yugoslavia immediately sent an ultimatum objecting to the move 25 ferdinand in bulgarian field marshal s uniform 1941 however he would live to see the collapse of everything he had held to be precious in life 24 his eldest son and successor boris iii died under mysterious circumstances after returning from a visit to hitler in germany in 1943 boris son simeon ii succeeded him only to be deposed in 1946 ending the bulgarian monarchy the kingdom of bulgaria was succeeded by the people s republic of bulgaria under which ferdinand s other son kyril was executed on hearing of kyril s death he said everything is collapsing around me 26 ferdinand died in bürglass schlösschen on 10 september 1948 in coburg germany cradle of the saxe coburg gotha dynasty he was the last surviving grandchild of louis philippe of france his final wish was to be buried in bulgaria however the communist authorities in bulgaria would not allow it so he was buried in the family crypt in st augustin coburg on 29 may 2024 ferdinand s remains were transported from coburg to sofia by a military plane which landed at sofia airport they were transported in accordance with the decision adopted by the council of ministers the coffin was taken down and carried by national guards and solemnly placed in a hearse which left for the royal vrana palace on the outskirts of sofia where ferdinand was buried 27 honours edit styles of king ferdinand i of bulgaria reference style his majesty spoken style your majesty bulgarian edit grand cross of st alexander in diamonds 27 may 1883 28 founder and grand master of the civil merit order 1891 28 founder and grand master of the military merit order 19 may 1900 28 founder and grand master of the order of saints cyril and methodius 18 may 1909 29 foreign edit arms of ferdinand i as knight of the austrian branch of the order of the golden fleece albanian royal family citation needed knight of the order of albania with collar grand cross of the order of fidelity special class austro hungarian imperial and royal family grand cross of the royal hungarian order of st stephen with collar 1899 in diamonds 1917 30 knight of the golden fleece with collar 1911 30 military merit cross 3rd class with war decoration 1915 grand cross of the military order of maria theresa with collar 1917 30 bavarian royal family knight of st hubert 1896 31 grand cross of the military order of max joseph belgium grand cordon of the order of leopold citation needed brazilian imperial family grand cross of the rose with collar citation needed denmark knight of the elephant with collar 20 may 1910 32 ernestine ducal families grand cross of the saxe ernestine house order 1879 33 knight of the order of saint joachim 1888 france grand officer of the legion of honour 1905 citation needed french royal family knight of st michael citation needed grand cross of st lazarus with collar hessian grand ducal family grand cross of the ludwig order 28 november 1893 34 italian royal family knight of the annunciation with collar 10 july 1897 35 grand cross of saints maurice and lazarus citation needed grand cross of the crown of italy parmese ducal family senator grand cross of the constantinian order of st george 1893 two sicilian royal family knight of st januarius sovereign military order of malta bailiff grand cross of justice 1st class 36 37 38 monaco grand cross of st charles 11 may 1892 39 portuguese royal family 40 grand cross of the sash of the two orders 17 july 1886 grand cross of the tower and sword 17 july 1886 prussian royal family grand cross of the red eagle with collar 2 may 1896 41 knight of the black eagle with collar citation needed iron cross 1914 2nd and 1st classes citation needed pour le mérite military with oak leaves 8 september 1916 42 romanian royal family collar of the order of carol i 43 russian imperial family knight of st andrew with collar 1907 44 knight of st alexander nevsky 10 february 1910 45 knight of the white eagle knight of st anna 1st class knight of st vladimir 1st class spanish royal family grand commander of the order of calatrava citation needed sweden knight of the seraphim with collar 28 june 1937 46 turkish imperial family order of distinction in diamonds 26 march 1896 47 exalted order of honour 1915 united kingdom queen victoria diamond jubilee medal 1897 honorary grand cross of the royal victorian order 6 september 1904 48 honorary grand cross of the bath civil 7 march 1905 49 württemberg royal family grand cross of the military merit order citation needed honorary military appointments edit general of infantry shoulder straps сhef of 54th minsk infantry regiment 1902 1912 russian empire colonel of the 54th minsk regiment 1902 50 see also edit order of saints cyril and methodius references edit louda 1981 lines of succession table 149 archiv der domkirche st stephan wien taufbuch 1860 1865 1 2 constant foxy ferdinand 1861 1948 tsar of bulgaria 1979 1 2 finestone 1981 the last courts of europe p 227 1 2 3 4 5 louda 1981 lines of succession p 297 1 2 aronson 1986 crowns in conflict p 83 constant pp 159 167 tsar at encyclopedia britannica aronson 1986 crowns in conflict pp 8 9 aronson 1986 crowns in conflict p 7 king up in aeroplane ferdinand of bulgaria first monarch to do it sons fly also adobe acrobat new york times website 16 july 1910 p 1 retrieved 17 july 2010 aronson 1986 crowns in conflict p 86 aronson 1986 crowns in conflict p 87 aronson 1986 crowns in conflict p 126 knobler adam 2025 crusading in the long nineteenth century 1798 1928 engaging the crusades volume ten taylor francis p 70 isbn 9780429835872 1 2 palmer 1978 the kaiser p 206 of tuscany louisa 1911 my own story pp 85 86 constant 1986 foxy ferdinand p 1...