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the (202), and (122), antony (115), war (98), octavian (84), roman (70), cleopatra (51), was (48), wars (47), his (47), with (31), augustus (29), battle (26), had (26), rome (24), actium (22), from (19), civil (18), caesar (18), alexandria (18), first (16), senate (16), second (15), for (15), were (15), mark (14), egypt (14), fleet (14), that (14), would (14), her (14), this (13), agrippa (13), edit (13), legions (13), gaius (12), republic (11), julius (11), not (11), century (10), empire (10), 000 (10), when (10), third (9), caesarion (9), after (9), left (9), army (9), naval (9), all (8), triumvirate (8), military (8), against (8), campaign (8), they (8), ships (8), wikipedia (7), ptolemaic (7), children (7), octavia (7), bellum (7), ptolemy (7), death (7), but (7), however (7), pinarius (7), him (7), where (7), their (7), 1st (6), sister (6), reign (6), life (6), marcus (6), most (6), also (6), over (6), control (6), entire (6), world (6), peace (6), provinces (6), did (6), many 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avian s chance came when antony married cleopatra in 32 bc before he divorced octavia that action combined with information that antony was planning to establish a second senate in alexandria created the perfect environment for octavian to strip antony of his power octavian summoned the senate and accused antony of anti roman sentiments octavian had illegally seized antony s will from the temple of vesta in it antony recognized caesarion as caesar s legal heir left his possessions to his children by cleopatra and finally indicated his desire to be buried with cleopatra in alexandria instead of in rome the senators were not moved by caesarion or antony s children but his desire to be buried outside rome invoked the senate s rage octavian blamed cleopatra not antony the senate declared war on cleopatra and octavian knew that antony would come to her aid when cleopatra received word that rome had declared war antony threw his support to egypt immediately the senate stripped antony of all his official power and labeled him an outlaw and a traitor however 40 of the senate along with both consuls sided with antony and left rome for greece octavian gathered all of his legions numbering almost 200 000 roman legionaries cleopatra and antony did so too assembling roughly the same number in mixed heavy roman and light egyptian infantry war edit naval theatre edit main article battle of actium a roman marble bust of the consul and triumvir mark antony late 1st century ad vatican museums by mid 31 bc antony maneuvered his army into greece and octavian soon followed octavian brought with him his chief military adviser and closest friend marcus vipsanius agrippa to command his naval forces although the ground forces were comparable octavian s fleet was superior in number antony s fleet was made up of large vessels but with inexperienced crews and commanders octavian s fleet of smaller more maneuverable vessels was filled with experienced sailors octavian moved his soldiers across the adriatic sea to confront antony near actium meanwhile agrippa disrupted antony s supply lines with the navy gaius sosius commanded a squadron in antony s fleet with which he managed to defeat the squadron of lucius arruntius and put it to flight but when the latter was reinforced by agrippa sosius s ally tarcondimotus i the king of cilicia was killed and sosius himself was forced to flee octavian decided not to attack and risk unnecessary losses instead octavian wanted to battle antony by sea where his experienced sailors could dominate in response antony and octavian engaged in fabian strategy until the time was right as the summer ended and autumn began to set in both octavian and antony settled for a battle of attrition the strategy of delay paid dividends to octavian as morale sank and prominent romans deserted antony s cause however despite this antony was still able to maintain the loyalty of his legions the first conflict of the war occurred when octavian s general agrippa captured the greek city and naval port of methone the city had previously been loyal to antony the fighting had been brutal but in the end agrippa s hit and run tactics were successful on the contrary antony s veteran cavalry won most of the skirmishes on land although antony was an experienced soldier he did not understand naval combat which led to his downfall antony moved his fleet to actium where octavian s navy and army had taken camp the stage was set for one of the largest naval battles of all time with antony bringing 290 ships in addition to between 30 and 50 transports octavian had 350 ships antony s ships were much larger and better armed in what would become known as the battle of actium antony on september 2 31 bc moved his large quinqueremes through the strait and into the open sea there octavian s light and manoeuvrable liburnian ships drew in battle formation against antony s warships cleopatra stayed behind antony s line on her royal barge a devastating blow to antony s forces came when one of antony s former generals delivered antony s battle plan to octavian antony had hoped to use his biggest ships to drive back agrippa s wing on the north end of his line but octavian s entire fleet stayed carefully out of range shortly after mid day antony was forced to extend his line out from the protection of the shore and then finally engage the enemy octavian s fleet armed with better trained and fresher crews made quick work of antony s larger and less experienced navy octavian s soldiers had spent years fighting in roman naval combat where one objective was to ram the enemy ship and at the same time kill the above deck crew with a shower of arrows and catapult launched stones large enough to decapitate a man as the armies stood on either side of the naval battle they watched as antony was being outmatched by agrippa seeing that the battle was going against antony cleopatra decided to follow antony s original orders and took her squadron of ships and tried to penetrate octavian s centre as a gap opened in agrippa s blockade she funneled through antony then issued orders for his entire fleet to breakthrough octavian s lines antony led the breakthrough and his spearhead was able to penetrate octavian s centre however shortly after antony s break through agrippa ordered his flanks to attack the rest of antony s ships from both sides antony and cleopatra could only watch on helplessly as their fleet once the largest in roman history was destroyed by the end of the day almost antony s entire fleet lay at the bottom of the sea and the roman world witnessed the largest naval battle in almost 200 years the couple was forced to take their remaining 90 ships and retreat to alexandria upon seeing the destruction of antony s fleet his legions decided that they would try to meet up with him however after losing control of the sea supplies for antony s legions ran thin after a week the commanders of antony s land forces which were supposed to follow him to asia promptly surrendered their legions without a fight land campaign edit roman painting from the house of giuseppe ii pompeii early 1st century ad most likely depicting cleopatra vii of ptolemaic egypt wearing her royal diadem consuming poison in an act of suicide while her son caesarion also wearing a royal diadem stands behind her even though octavian wanted to immediately pursue antony and cleopatra many of his veterans wanted to retire and return to private life octavian allowed many of his longest serving veterans as many as 10 legions by some accounts to retire many of those legionaries could trace their service to julius caesar some 20 years earlier after the winter ended octavian resumed the hunt in early 30 bc octavian rejected the idea of transporting his army across the sea and attacking alexandria directly and instead travelled by land through asia antony had received much of his backing from rome s client kingdoms in the east by marching his army by land octavian ensured antony could not regroup and cement his authority over the provinces the death of cleopatra by reginald arthur 1892 the majority of antony s army 23 legions plus 15 000 cavalry had been left in greece after actium where eventually without supplies they surrendered meanwhile antony attempted to secure an army in cyrenaica from lucius pinarius unfortunately for antony pinarius had switched his loyalty to octavian when octavian received word of this development he ordered pinarius to move his four legions east towards alexandria while octavian would move west trapped in egypt with the remnant of their former army antony and cleopatra bided their time awaiting octavian s arrival when octavian and pinarius arrived at alexandria they placed the entire city under siege before octavian had arrived antony took the roughly 30 000 soldiers he had left and attacked pinarius unaware that he was outnumbered two to one pinarius destroyed what was left of antony s army with antony escaping back to alexandria before octavian arrived as octavian approached with his legions what remained of antony s cavalry and fleet surrendered to him most of the remainder of antony s infantry surrendered without any engagement at this stage of the conflict and antony s cause was lost antony was forced to watch as his army and hopes of dominance in rome were handed to octavian in honourable roman tradition antony on august 1 30 bc fell on his sword according to the ancient accounts however he was not entirely successful and with an open wound in his belly was taken to join cleopatra who had fled to her mausoleum here antony succumbed to his wound and supposedly died in his lover s arms leaving her alone to face octavian cleopatra did not immediately follow antony in suicide instead in a final effort to save her position and her children cleopatra opened negotiations with octavian cleopatra begged octavian to spare caesarion s life in exchange for his willing imprisonment octavian refused supposedly saying two caesars are one too many as he ordered caesarion s death 7 subsequently caesarion was butchered without compunction within that same week octavian also informed cleopatra that she was to play a role in his triumph back in rome a role that was carefully explained to her according to strabo who was alive at the time of the event cleopatra died from a self induced bite from a venomous snake or from applying a poisonous ointment to herself 8 learning of cleopatra s death octavian had mixed feelings he admired the bravery of cleopatra and gave her and antony a public military funeral in rome the funeral was grand and a few of antony s legions even marched alongside the tomb a day of mourning throughout rome was enacted this was partly due to octavian s respect for antony and partly because it further helped show the roman people how benevolent octavian was as they left alexandria a new age dawned when rome annexed egypt with cleopatra s death the final war of the republic was over due to this war octavian would become augustus and the first roman emperor aftermath edit within a month octavian was named pharaoh and egypt became his personal possession by executing antony s supporters octavian finally brought a century of civil war to a close in 27 bc octavian was named augustus by the senate and given unprecedented powers octavian now augustus transformed the republic into the roman empire ruling it as the first roman emperor in the ensuing months and years augustus passed a series of laws that while outwardly preserving the appearance of the republic made his position within it of paramount power and authority he laid the foundations for what is now called the roman empire from then on the roman state would be ruled by a princeps first citizen in modern terms rome would from now on be ruled by emperors the senate ostensibly still had power and authority over certain senatorial provinces but the critical border provinces such as syria egypt and gaul requiring the greatest numbers of legions would be directly ruled by augustus and succeeding emperors with the end of the last republican civil war the republic was replaced by the empire the reign of augustus would usher in the golden era of roman culture and produce a stability which rome had not seen in over a century with rome in control of the entire mediterranean world a peace would reign in the roman world for centuries after the death of augustus the so called pax romana roman peace three of the roman emperors in the 1st century caligula claudius and nero were direct descendants of antony the empire that augustus established would last in western europe until the fall of rome in the 5th century ad the eastern part of the roman empire would also survive as the byzantine empire until the fall of constantinople in ad 1453 see also edit legionary denarii mark antony list of roman civil wars and revolts pax romana by adrian goldsworthy notes edit exact figure unknown at least 50 000 though likely higher exact figure unknown at least 75 000 though likely higher all the roman troops either changed loyalty to octavian or were taken hostage with most of antony s fleet destroyed in battle references edit ronald syme biographers of the caesars museum helveticum vol 37 no 2 1980 p 104 fergus millar 1973 triumvirate and principate journal of roman studies vol 63 p 58 john robert johnson the authenticity and validity of antony s will l antiquité classique vol 47 no 2 1978 p 499 t j luce the dating of livy s first decade transactions and proceedings of the american philological association vol 96 1965 p 209 josephus jewish war 1 370 loeb ed william m murray and photios m petsas octavian s campsite memorial for the actian war american philosophical society 1989 green p 697 strabo geography xvii 10 v t e cleopatra major life events early life reign donations of alexandria death military campaigns caesar s civil war alexandrian war siege of alexandria battle of the nile antony s atropatene campaign liberators civil war war of actium battle of actium battle of alexandria family ptolemaic dynasty ancestry consorts ptolemy xiii husband julius caesar lover ptolemy xiv husband mark antony husband children caesarion cleopatra selene ii alexander helios ptolemy philadelphus other ptolemy xii father berenice iv sister arsinoe iv sister ptolemy of mauretania grandson drusilla descendant buildings tomb of antony and cleopatra caesareum of alexandria portraits bust of cleopatra legacy cultural depictions antony and cleopatra shakespeare related augustus charmion apollodorus the sicilian pothinus ganymedes eunuch quintus dellius v t e ancient roman wars wars of the roman republic roman expansion in italy roman etruscan wars roman aequian wars roman latin wars roman hernici conflicts roman volscian wars roman sabine wars samnite wars pyrrhic war roman gallic wars punic wars first second third illyro roman wars macedonian wars first second third fourth roman seleucid war galatian war roman conquest of the iberian peninsula celtiberian wars lusitanian war numantine war sertorian war cantabrian wars achaean war war of aristonicus jugurthine war cimbrian war servile wars first second third social war bellum octavianum sulla s civil war mithridatic wars first second third gallic wars julius caesar s invasions of britain roman parthian wars caesar s civil war war of mutina liberators civil war bellum siculum perusine war war of actium wars of the roman empire germanic wars marcomannic wars gothic war roman conquest of britain boudican revolt armenian war civil war of 69 jewish roman wars first diaspora bar kokhba domitian s dacian war trajan s dacian wars roman persian wars civil wars of the third century wars of the fall of the western roman empire military history of ancient rome v t e mark antony major life events assassination of julius caesar second triumvirate donations of alexandria death of cleopatra military campaigns gallic wars battle of alesia caes...