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therefore the parliament selected the marshal of finland carl gustaf emil mannerheim the finnish commander in chief as president and charged him with negotiating a peace the finnish front had become a sideshow for the soviet leadership as they were in a race to reach berlin before the western allies this and the heavy casualties inflicted on the red army by the finns led to the transfer of most troops from the finnish front on 4 september 1944 a ceasefire was agreed and the moscow armistice between the soviet union and the united kingdom on one side and finland on the other was signed on 19 september 31 life in a finnish dugout shelter during the continuation war finnish parade held to celebrate the capture of vyborg during the continuation war the president of finland risto ryti and the marshal mannerheim inspect the honorary company moscow armistice edit main article moscow armistice the moscow armistice was signed by finland and the soviet union on 19 september 1944 ending the continuation war though the final peace treaty was not to be signed until 1947 in paris the conditions for peace were similar to those previously agreed upon in the 1940 moscow peace treaty with finland forced to cede parts of finnish karelia part of salla and islands in the gulf of finland the new armistice also handed the whole of petsamo over to the soviet union finland also agreed to legalize communist parties and ban fascist organizations finally the armistice required finland to expel german troops from its territory which led to the lapland war lapland war edit main article lapland war the village of ivalo was destroyed by the germans during their retreat as part of their scorched earth policy the lapland war was fought between finland and nazi germany in lapland the northernmost part of finland germany s main strategic interest in the region was the nickel mines in the petsamo area initially the warfare was cautious on both sides reflecting the two countries previous cooperation against their common enemy but towards the end of 1944 the fighting intensified finland and germany had made an informal agreement and schedule for german troops to withdraw from lapland to norway the soviet union did not accept this friendliness and pressured finland to take a more active role in expelling the germans from lapland thereby intensifying hostilities the germans adopted a scorched earth policy and proceeded to lay waste to the entire northern half of the country as they retreated around 100 000 people lost their homes adding to the burden of post war reconstruction the actual loss of life however was relatively light finland lost approximately 1 000 troops and germany lost about 2 000 the finnish army expelled the last of the foreign troops from finland in april 1945 post war edit main article finlandization the war caused great damage to infrastructure and the economy from the autumn of 1944 the finnish army and navy conducted numerous mine clearance operations particularly in karelia lapland and the gulf of finland sea mine clearance activities lasted until 1950 the mines caused many military and civilian casualties particularly in lapland as part of the paris peace treaty finland was classified as an ally of nazi germany bearing responsibility for the war the treaty imposed heavy war reparations on finland and stipulated the lease of the porkkala area near the finnish capital helsinki as a military base for fifty years 32 the reparations were initially thought to be crippling for the economy but a determined effort was made to pay them the soviet union reduced the reparations by 25 in 1948 and finland paid them off in 1952 porkkala was returned to finnish control in 1956 in subsequent years finland s position was unique in the cold war the country was heavily influenced by the soviet union but was the only country on the soviet pre world war ii border to retain democracy and a market economy finland entered into the agreement of friendship cooperation and mutual assistance yya treaty with the soviet union under which the soviet union agreed to finland s neutral status arms purchases were balanced between east and west until the fall of the soviet union assessment edit finland and nazi germany edit finnish waffen ss volunteers meeting joseph goebbels in 1942 during the continuation war 1941 1944 finland s wartime government claimed to be a co belligerent of nazi germany against the soviet union and abstained from signing the tripartite pact finland was dependent on food fuel and armament shipments from germany during this period and was influenced to sign the anti comintern pact a less formal alliance than the tripartite pact seen by the nazi leadership as a litmus test of loyalty 33 the finnish leadership adhered to many written and oral agreements on practical co operation with germany during the conflict finland was one of germany s most important allies in the attack on the soviet union allowing german troops to be based in finland beforehand and join the attack almost immediately the 1947 paris peace treaty signed by finland stated that finland had been an ally of hitlerite germany and bore partial responsibility for the conflict 34 35 finland was an anomaly among german allies in that it retained an independent democratic government moreover during the war finland kept its army outside the german command structure despite numerous attempts by the germans to tie it more tightly into it finland managed to play only a minor role in the siege of leningrad despite hitler s wishes and refused to cut the murmansk railway 33 finnish jews were not persecuted and even among extremists of the finnish right they were widely tolerated as many leaders of the movement came from the clergy of approximately 500 jewish refugees eight were handed over to the germans a fact for which finnish prime minister paavo lipponen issued an official apology in 2000 the field synagogue operated by the finnish army was likely a unique phenomenon on the eastern front 36 finnish jews fought alongside other finns 37 about 2 600 2 800 soviet prisoners of war were handed over to the germans in exchange for roughly 2 200 finnic prisoners of war held by the germans in november 2003 the simon wiesenthal center submitted an official request to finnish president tarja halonen for a full scale investigation by the finnish authorities of the prisoner exchange 38 the subsequent study by professor heikki ylikangas revealed that about 2 000 of the exchanged prisoners joined the russian liberation army the rest mostly army and political officers among them a name based estimate of 74 jews most likely perished in nazi concentration camps 39 40 finland and world war ii overall edit medal of the continuation war commemorative medals from both wars finnish satchel charge and molotov cocktail during world war ii finland was anomalous it was one of three european combatant countries whose capitals were not occupied the other two being the soviet union and the united kingdom 41 it was a country that sided with germany but in which native jews and almost all refugees were safe from persecution 42 it was the only country that fought alongside nazi germany which maintained democracy throughout the war it was in fact the only democracy in mainland europe that remained so despite being an involved party in the war according to the finnish records 19 085 soviet prisoners of war died in finnish prison camps during the continuation war which means that 29 6 of soviet pows taken by the finns did not survive the high number of fatalities was mainly due to malnutrition and diseases however about 1 000 pows were shot primarily when attempting to escape 43 when the finnish army controlled east karelia between 1941 and 1944 several concentration camps were set up for russian civilians the first camp was set up on 24 october 1941 in petrozavodsk of these interned civilians 4 361 44 perished mainly due to malnourishment 90 of them during the spring and summer of 1942 45 finland never signed the tripartite pact but was aided by germany in its military assault on the soviet union at the outset of operation barbarossa in 1941 and in its defence against soviet attacks in 1944 prior to the separate peace with the soviet union in 1944 finland was led by its elected president and parliament throughout 1939 1945 as a result some political scientists cite it as one of the few instances in which a democratic country was engaged in war against one or more other democratic countries namely the democracies in the allied forces 46 however nearly all finnish military engagements in world war ii were fought solely against an autocratic power the soviet union and the lack of direct conflicts specifically with other democratic countries leads others to exclude finnish involvement in world war ii as an example of a war between two or more democracies 47 speaking in 2005 finnish president tarja halonen said for us the world war meant a separate war against the soviet union and we did not incur any debt of gratitude to others finnish president mauno koivisto also expressed similar views in 1993 however the view that finland fought in a separate conflict during the second world war remains controversial within finland and has generally not been accepted outside finland 35 in a 2008 poll of 28 finnish historians carried out by helsingin sanomat 16 said that finland had been an ally of nazi germany six said it had not been and six did not take a position 48 see also edit winter war continuation war lapland war diplomatic history of world war ii east karelian concentration camps nazism in finland mannerheim cross finnish armed forces history of finland seitajärvi devastated by soviet partisan attack in 1944 siege of leningrad soviet prisoners of war in finland references edit 1 2 zeiler dubois 2012 p 210 reiter 2009 p 124 statistics finland 1940 1 2 vehviläinen 2002 pp 5 7 1 2 vehviläinen 2002 pp 7 10 murphy 2021 p 9 league of nations expulsion of the ussr 14 december 1939 league of nations official journal 1939 p 506 council resolution p 540 assembly resolution resolution adopted by the council of the league of nations 14 december 1939 vehviläinen 2002 p 70 manninen 2008 p 37 42 43 46 49 rentola 2003 p 188 217 ravasz 2003 p 3 clemmesen faulkner 2013 p 76 zeiler dubois 2012 p 210 reiter 2009 p 124 warner 1967 p 147 1 2 3 chew 1971 p 6 edwards 2006 p 98 warner 1967 p 148 warner 1967 p 150 jakobson p 157 chew 1971 p 70 chew 1971 p 71 warner 1967 p 153 trotter 2002 pp 234 235 enkenberg p 215 warner 1967 p 155 chew 1971 p 146 warner 1967 p 157 jakobson p 239 jakobson p 238 upton anthony f finland in crisis 1940 1941 a study in small power politics ithaca ny cornell university press 1965 p 35 pospelov nikolay 1961 т 2 отражение советским народом вероломного нападения фашистской германии на ссср создание условий для коренного перелома в войне июнь 1941 г ноябрь 1942 г история великой отечественной войны советского союза 1941 1945 в 6 томах ред п н поспелов и др history of the great patriotic war of soviet union 1941 1945 in 6 parts part 2 the soviet people s repulse of nazi germany s treacherous attack on the ussr creating conditions for a radical turning point in the war june 1941 november 1942 in russian voenizdat pp 17 18 david reynolds vladimir pechatnov the kremlin letters page 35 the american presidency project franklin d roosevelt xxxii president of the united states 1933 1945 message urging finland to break with nazi germany 16 march 1944 howard d grier hitler dönitz and the baltic sea naval institute press 2007 isbn 1 59114 345 4 p 31 text of the armistice agreement australian treaty series 1948 no 2 treaty of peace with finland paris 10 february 1947 1 2 goda norman j w 2015 the diplomacy of the axis 1940 1945 the cambridge history of the second world war 276 300 doi 10 1017 cho9781139524377 015 isbn 9781139524377 retrieved 25 october 2020 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link treaty of peace with finland 1947 p 229 retrieved 23 october 2020 1 2 tallgren immi 2014 martyrs and scapegoats of the nation the finnish war responsibility trial 1945 1946 historical origins of international criminal law 2 21 512 retrieved 25 october 2020 jews in finland during the second world war archived 3 march 2016 at the wayback machine vuonokari tuulikki university paper at the department of translation studies university of tampere 2003 a short but convoluted history for finland s jewish community archived from the original on 4 april 2013 retrieved 8 november 2012 the simon wiesenthal center press information archived from the original on 26 september 2007 retrieved 28 june 2007 jakobson max 16 november 2003 wartime refugees made pawns in cruel diplomatic game helsingin sanomat archived from the original on 4 june 2011 retrieved 31 july 2014 ylikangas heikki heikki ylikankaan selvitys valtioneuvoston kanslialle archived 8 august 2007 at the wayback machine government of finland kivimäki 2012 p 484 hannu rautkallio finland and holocaust new york 1987 westerlund 2008 pp 8 9 westerlund 2008 p 8 suur suomen kahdet kasvot laine antti 1982 isbn 951 1 06947 0 otava farber henry s gowa joanne 1995 polities and peace international security 20 2 123 doi 10 2307 2539231 jstor 2539231 russett bruce m 1995 the fact of democratic peace grasping the democratic peace principles for a post cold war world 2nd ed princeton n j princeton university press isbn 978 1 4008 2102 0 mäkinen esa 19 october 2008 historian professorit hautaavat pitkät kiistat helsingin sanomat retrieved 7 february 2021 sources edit chew allen f 1971 the white death east lansing michigan michigan university state press clemmesen michael h faulkner marcus eds 2013 northern european overture to war 1939 1941 from memel to barbarossa brill isbn 978 90 04 24908 0 condon richard w the winter war russia against finland new york ballantine books 1972 edwards robert 2006 white death russia s war on finland 1939 40 london weidenfeld nicolson isbn 978 0 297 84630 7 enkenberg ilkka 2020 talvisota väreissä in finnish readme fi isbn 978 952 373 053 3 forster kent finland s foreign policy 1940 1941 an ongoing historiographic controversy scandinavian studies 1979 51 2 pp 109 123 jakobson max the diplomacy of the winter war cambridge ma harvard university press 1961 kivmäki v j 2012 between defeat and victory scandinavian journal of history 482 504 doi 10 1080 03468755 2012 680178 manninen ohto 2008 miten suomi valloitetaan puna armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939 1944 how to conquer finland operational plans of the red army 1939 1944 in finnish edita isbn 978 951 37 5278 1 murphy david 2021 the finnish soviet winter war 1939 40 stalin s hollow victory london bloomsbury publishing plc isbn 978 1 4728 4396 8 polvinen tuomo the great powers and finland 1941 1944 revue internationale d histoire militaire 1985 issue 62 pp 133 152 rentola kimmo 2003 holtsmark sven g pharo helge ø tamnes rolf eds...