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s intensity this is commonly accomplished by chemical reactions that reduce the flammability of fuels or delay their combustion 1 2 fire retardants may also cool the fuel through physical action or endothermic chemical reactions fire retardants are available as powder to be mixed with water as fire fighting foams and fire retardant gels fire retardants are commonly used in fire fighting where they may be applied aerially or from the ground principles of operation edit in general fire retardants reduce the flammability of materials by either blocking the fire physically or by initiating a chemical reaction that stops the fire physical action edit there are several ways in which the combustion process can be retarded by physical action by cooling some chemical reactions actually cool the material down by forming a protective layer that prevents the underlying material from igniting by dilution some retardants release water and or carbon dioxide while burning this may dilute the radicals in the flame enough for it to go out commonly used fire retardant additives include mixtures of huntite mg 3 ca co 3 4 and hydromagnesite mg 5 co 3 4 oh 2 4h 2 o aluminium hydroxide al oh 3 and magnesium hydroxide mg oh 2 when heated aluminium hydroxide dehydrates to form aluminum oxide alumina al 2 o 3 releasing water vapor in the process this reaction absorbs a great deal of heat cooling the material into which it is incorporated additionally alumina residue forms a protective layer on the material s surface mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite work in a similar manner they endothermically decompose releasing both water and carbon dioxide 3 4 giving fire retardant properties 5 6 7 to the materials in which they are incorporated chemical action edit reactions in the gas phase chemical reactions in the flame i e gas phase can be interrupted by fire retardants generally these retardants are organic halides haloalkanes such as halon and phostrex the chemicals used in these types of retardants are often toxic further information flame retardant gas phase radical quenching reaction in the solid phase some retardants break down polymers so they melt and flow away from the flame although this allows some materials to pass certain flammability tests which it is not known whether fire safety is truly improved by the production of flammable plastic droplets char formation for carbon based fuels solid phase flame retardants cause a layer of carbonaceous char to form on the fuel surface this char layer is much harder to burn and prevents further burning 8 9 intumescents these types of retardant materials incorporate chemicals which cause swelling behind the protective char layer providing much better insulation they are available as plastic additives and as paints for protecting wooden buildings or steel structures uses edit portable fire extinguisher fire extinguishers edit main article fire extinguisher class a foam is used as a fire retardant in 2 5 gallon apw and cafs extinguishers to contain incipient brush fires and grass fires by creating a fire break other chemical retardants are capable of rendering class a material and class b fuels non flammable and extinguishing class a class b and some class d fires citation needed fire retardant slurries dropped from aircraft are normally applied ahead of a wildfire to prevent ignition while fire suppression agents are used to extinguish fires surface coating edit objects may be coated with fire retardants for example christmas trees are sprayed with retardants as a tree dries out it becomes very flammable and a fire hazard steel structures have a fire retardant coating around columns and beams to prevent structural elements from weakening during a fire aerial fire retardant in a forested area following a wildfire in novato california dormitories in the us are considering or are required by law to use these products intumescent coatings are used by various dormitories and in school buildings especially those with historic structures that lack fire sprinkler systems 10 forest fire fighting edit early fire retardants were mixtures of water and thickening agents and later included borates 11 and ammonium phosphates citation needed a maffs equipped air national guard c 130 hercules drops fire retardant on wildfires in southern california generally fire retardants are dropped from aircraft or applied by ground crews around a wildfire s edges in an effort to contain its spread this allows ground crews time to work to extinguish the fire however when needed retardant can also be dropped directly onto flames to cool the fire and reduce flame length 12 aerial firefighting edit see also aerial firefighting aerial firefighting is a method to combat wildfires using aircraft the types of aircraft used include fixed wing aircraft and helicopters smokejumpers and rappellers are also classified as aerial firefighters being delivered by parachute from a variety of fixed wing aircraft or rappelling from helicopters chemicals used to fight fires may include water water enhancers or specially formulated fire retardants 13 textiles edit main articles flame retardant and fire retardant fabrics materials edit wildfire retardants edit red dyed line of fire retardant stands out clearly on this arizona hill to control the alambre fire fire retardants applied to wildfires are usually a mixture of water and chemicals designed to wet the area as well as chemically retard a fire s progression through vegetation typically they are colored 14 so that the application area can be seen from the air fire retardant gel based retardants which meet nfpa standard 1150 are also used these are dyed other colors to differentiate them from the traditional red retardant the gels and their dyes are designed to biodegrade naturally 15 researchers at the university of southern california s department of civil and environmental engineering published a report titled metals in wildfire suppressants 16 the report provided the first ever chemical analysis of phos chek fire retardant which the research team studied because it is the most widely used the usc researchers found that phos chek contains high levels of heavy metals 14 4 mg l of cadmium 72 7 mg l of chromium and 119 mg l of vanadium these numbers exceed california toxic waste limits by 14 times 14 times and 5 times respectively a phos chek tank trailer at ramona airport phos chek also has a consumer based fire retardant spray called wildfire home defense that is effective immediately after application and that remains effective until it is washed off with heavy water levels it is designed to be applied to fuel beds around homes and outbuildings to create a firebreak in the fuels leading up to each structure 17 ember bloc is another consumer based fire retardant gel that can be applied to the exterior of one s house and nearby structures to help protect against both embers and flames in a wildfire it has a unique ability to cling onto the side of a house to withstand high heat and windy conditions 18 environmental concerns edit forest fire retardants that are used are generally considered non toxic 19 but even less toxic compounds carry some risk when organisms are exposed to large amounts 20 as of 2008 drops within 300 feet of bodies of water are generally discouraged unless lives or property are directly threatened 21 the us forest service is the governing agency that conducts research and monitors the effect of fire retardants on wildland systems in the us 22 23 potential risk and health concerns edit some specialized indoor fire retardants are organic halides haloalkanes such as halon and phostrex which are proven to be toxic studies have also shown that a drop of the retardant chemical directly into a stream may increase the ammonia concentration in the water to levels that are lethal for fish and other aquatic organisms 24 another notable health concern is that fire suppressant foams are especially toxic to fish in standardized soft and hard water possibly due to surfactants 25 united states edit perimeter solutions the maker of phos chek holds a monopoly on fire retardant in the united states 26 see also edit aerial firefighting ammonium polyphosphate a fire retardant flame retardant list of fire retardant materials modular airborne firefighting system phos chek a foam or gel commercial fire retardant wildland fire suppression references edit blm wyoming wildland fire glossary blm gov 2008 06 18 archived from the original on 2014 05 08 retrieved 2012 08 04 coford glossary fire retardant archived february 8 2009 at the wayback machine hollingbery la hull tr 2010 the thermal decomposition of huntite and hydromagnesite a review thermochimica acta 509 1 2 1 11 doi 10 1016 j tca 2010 06 012 hollingbery la hull tr 2012 the thermal decomposition of natural mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite thermochimica acta 528 45 52 doi 10 1016 j tca 2011 11 002 hollingbery la hull tr 2010 the fire retardant behaviour of huntite and hydromagnesite a review polymer degradation and stability 95 12 2213 2225 doi 10 1016 j polymdegradstab 2010 08 019 hollingbery la hull tr 2012 the fire retardant effects of huntite in natural mixtures with hydromagnesite polymer degradation and stability 97 4 504 512 doi 10 1016 j polymdegradstab 2012 01 024 hull tr witkowski a hollingbery la 2011 fire retardant action of mineral fillers polymer degradation and stability 96 8 1462 1469 doi 10 1016 j polymdegradstab 2011 05 006 s2cid 96208830 phos chek d75 fire retardants pdf archived from the original pdf on 2011 07 15 retrieved 2008 11 20 how do flame retardants work european chemical industry council cefic and european flame retardants association efra retrieved 12 feb 2010 amy farnsworth 2007 08 06 new coatings cut risk of a dorm fire the boston globe archived from the original on august 24 2007 us 2858895 connell george a inventor methods and compositions for controlling fires published november 4 1958 interagency standards for fire and aviation operations 2007 chapter 17 pdf national interagency fire center archived from the original pdf on 2007 09 28 retrieved 2007 08 31 usda forest service wildland fire chemicals retrieved 2008 11 13 us 6676858 vandersall howard l kegeler gary h colorant liquid method of use and wildfire retardant liquids containing the same published january 13 2004 new fire retardant gel developed that can remain effective for months 4 october 2019 retrieved 2020 10 05 schammel marella h gold samantha j mccurry daniel l 2024 11 12 metals in wildfire suppressants environmental science technology letters 11 11 1247 1253 doi 10 1021 acs estlett 4c00727 pmc 11562715 pmid 39554599 phos chek wildfire home defense faqs retrieved 2019 09 13 ember bloc fire gel fact sheet technical specs retrieved 2020 10 05 perimeter solutions november 16 2022 phos chek lc95a phos chek lc95a mv safety data sheet pdf perimeter solutions archived pdf from the original on august 4 2020 retrieved may 11 2025 alt url bell tina tolhurst kevin wouters michael 16 may 2005 bell t tolhurst k and wouters m effects of the fire retardant phos chek on vegetation in eastern australian heathlands international journal of wildland fire 14 2 199 211 international journal of wildland fire 14 2 199 211 doi 10 1071 wf04024 s2cid 129368588 william yardley november 15 2008 in fighting wildfires concerns about chemicals the new york times retrieved 2008 11 26 usda forest service wildland fire chemical systems retrieved 2008 11 13 wildland fire chemical products toxicity and environmental concerns pdf retrieved 2008 11 13 dietrich joseph p myers mark s strickland stacy a van gaest ahna arkoosh mary r january 2013 toxicity of forest fire retardant chemicals to stream type chinook salmon undergoing parr smolt transformation environmental toxicology and chemistry 32 1 236 247 doi 10 1002 etc 2052 issn 1552 8618 pmid 23161484 s2cid 5240730 gaikowski m p hamilton s j buhl k j mcdonald s f summers c h august 1996 acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow ecotoxicology and environmental safety 34 3 252 263 doi 10 1006 eesa 1996 0070 issn 0147 6513 pmid 8812194 hamby chris august 6 2025 how one company maintained a monopoly on u s fire retardant the new york times cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link external links edit fire management notes 1989 national fire protection association defense fire protection association influence of the fire retardant ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation of poly methyl methacrylate link removed fire retardant glass archived 2014 12 17 at the wayback machine ul9 certified fire resistant glass in usa v t e fire protection fundamental concepts backdraft boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion bleve boilover combustibility and flammability conflagration dangerous goods hazmat deflagration detonation dust explosion enthalpy of vaporization explosive fire classification fire control fire loading fire point fire triangle flammability diagram flammability limit flammable liquid flashover flash point friction loss gas leak heat transfer jet fire k factor fire protection pool fire pyrolysis spontaneous combustion structure fire thermal radiation water pressure technology active fire protection automatic fire suppression condensed aerosol fire suppression detonation flame arrester external water spray system fire bucket fire prevention fire protection fire retardant fire retardant fabric fire retardant gel fire safe polymers fire safety fire sprinkler system fire suppression system firefighting foam flame arrester flame retardant flashback arrestor fusible link gaseous fire suppression hypoxic air technology for fire prevention inerting system intumescent passive fire protection personal protective equipment ppe relief valve spark arrestor tank blanketing vehicle fire suppression system building design annulus firestop area of refuge booster pump compartmentation crash bar electromagnetic door holder electromagnetic lock emergency exit emergency light exit sign fire curtain fire cut fire damper fire door fire escape fire extinguisher fire hose fire hydrant fire pump fire sprinkler firestop firestop pillow firewall construction grease duct heat and smoke vent packing firestopping penetrant mechanical electrical or structural penetration firestop pressurisation ductwork safety glass smoke control smoke damper smoke exhaust ductwork smokeproof enclosure standpipe firefighting fire alarm systems aspirating smoke detector carbon monoxide detector circuit integrity explosive gas leak detector fire alarm call box fire alarm control panel fire alarm notification appliance fire drill flame detector heat detector manual fire alarm activation smoke detector professions trades and services duct cleaning fire insurance fire protection engineering fireproofing fire resistance rating fire safety evaluation system fses fire test kitchen exhaust cleaning listing and ...