Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

first, east, turkestan, republic, contents, background, rebellion, establishment, dissolution, aftermath, government, gallery, references, efforts, to, gain, recognition, christians, and, hindus, national, army, cabinet, citations, sources,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (462), and (190), xinjiang (65), was (61), with (54), from (53), republic (51), #turkestan (47), soviet (40), 1933 (38), uyghur (35), kashgar (33), for (33), were (33), east (29), government (29), 1934 (27), chinese (26), tiret (26), khotan (25), minister (24), niyaz (24), that (24), sheng (22), eastern (22), china (20), forbes (20), 1986 (20), his (20), forces (20), troops (20), city (20), all (19), turkic (19), had (19), hui (19), this (18), edit (18), sabit (18), khoja (18), citation (18), needed (18), damolla (17), army (17), who (17), not (16), kumul (15), national (15), but (15), union (15), their (15), han (15), islamic (14), bughra (14), its (14), people (14), first (13), new (13), aksu (13), ürümqi (13), general (13), under (12), shicai (12), march (12), province (12), also (12), history (11), independence (11), khan (11), zhongying (11), 000 (11), islam (11), they (11), rebels (11), division (11), hindus (11), jin (11), articles (10), former (10), rebellion (10), where (10), southern (10), while (10), which (10), wikipedia (9), april (9), established (9), isbn (9), russian (9), president (9), muhiti (9), support (9), november (9), british (9), you (8), 2025 (8), june (8), military (8), muslim (8), prime (8), mahmut (8), led (8), later (8), hands (8), him (8), have (8), against (8), khanate (8), january (7), asia (7), establishment (7), press (7), 978 (7), muhammad (7), beg (7), soviets (7), over (7), gold (7), our (7), help (7), february (7), white (7), will (7), main (7), may (6), page (6), unsourced (6), country (6), flag (6), countries (6), movement (6), 1949 (6), sources (6), state (6), abdullah (6), amin (6), two (6), region (6), aid (6), commander (6), one (6), head (6), initially (6), tungan (6), provincial (6), authorities (6), would (6), zhancang (6), killed (6), kyrgyz (6), local (6), them (6), culture (6), independent (6), when (6), revolutionary (6), missionaries (6), kingdom (6), are (6), toggle (5), contents (5), needing (5), references (5), pages (5), short (5), period (5), sinkiang (5), modern (5), university (5), klimeš (5), 2015 (5), 2001 (5), political (5), affairs (5), ethnic (5), power (5), zhang (5), battle (5), education (5), fled (5), afghanistan (5), allied (5), rule (5), move (5), more (5), other (5), took (5), leader (5), governor (5), nanjing (5), old (5), came (5), constitution (5), turpan (5), after (5), message (5), develop (5), second (5), estimated (5), soldiers (5), around (5), out (5), official (5), swedish (5), based (5), name (5), tungans (5), yang (5), article (5), khaganate (5), languages (4), search (4), policy (4), statements (4), language (4), infobox (4), cleanup (4), century (4), west (4), kitaya (4), moscow (4), some (4), hopkirk (4), economic (4), muslims (4), central (4), russia (4), original (4), yulbars (4), emir (4), nur (4), ahmadjan (4), emirate (4), kmt (4), religious (4), defense (4), cabinet (4), any (4), despite (4), being (4), hami (4), autonomous (4), located (4), hissar (4), himself (4), yarkand (4), arrived (4), proceeded (4), officials (4), india (4), became (4), north (4), attacked (4), many (4), among (4), background (4), now (4), living (4), part (4), time (4), same (4), another (4), fact (4), free (4), self (4), forced (4), planned (4), between (4), newly (4), consul (4), anti (4), three (4), infantry (4), known (4), indian (4), area (4), there (4), declared (4), several (4), however (4), turkey (4), jadidist (4), well (4), must (4), named (4), links (4), nationalist (4), shuren (4), population (4), shaowu (4), situation (4), 1931 (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), view (3), about (3), text (3), additional (3), using (3), use (3), 2024 (3), 20th (3), lived (3), retrieved (3), nation (3), years (3), control (3), international (3), 1944 (3), community (3), towards (3), communist (3), early (3), 1939 (3), son (3), influence (3), intellectuals (3), citations (3), amir (3), vice (3), chairman (3), health (3), did (3), offer (3), end (3), appointed (3), leaders (3), japanese (3), kuomintang (3), northern (3), assume (3), position (3), rifles (3), each (3), been (3), yengi (3), agreement (3), into (3), decision (3), taking (3), through (3), maral (3), bashi (3), capture (3), following (3), including (3), promised (3), reportedly (3), place (3), south (3), blue (3), freedom (3), should (3), back (3), day (3), administration (3), made (3), five (3), brigades (3), siege (3), since (3), peiyuan (3), join (3), capturing (3), entered (3), near (3), telegraph (3), then (3), ili (3), reason (3), spread (3), can (3), improve (3), nationalities (3), create (3), chief (3), invasion (3), 1922 (3), 36th (3), 1937 (3), served (3), during (3), although (3), how (3), brigade (3), stationed (3), armed (3), revolution (3), hindu (3), refugees (3), slaughtered (3), karghalik (3), amirs (3), swedes (3), converted (3), christianity (3), used (3), religion (3), christians (3), proclaimed (3), sent (3), shah (3), delhi (3), authority (3), envoys (3), recognition (3), efforts (3), participation (3), maqsud (3), establish (3), standards (3), land (3), founding (3), uyghurstan (3), development (3), tarim (3), both (3), outside (3), front (3), yellow (3), black (3), fighting (3), office (3), miners (3), kucha (3), kara (3), gansu (3), uyghurs (3), traditional (3), learn (3), western (3), liang (3), green (3), tools (3), subsection (3), table (2), safety (2), contact (2), privacy (2), terms (2), agree (2), non (2), organization (2), wikimedia (2), foundation (2), commons (2), august (2), categories (2), containing (2), caption (2), type (2), parameters (2), description (2), different (2), wikidata (2), states (2), territories (2), disestablished (2), interwar (2), republics (2), pivot (2), wang (2), ussr (2), taipei (2), journal (2), institute (2), tyler (2), 2004 (2), natsional (2), osvoboditel (2), narodov (2), role (2), liberation (2), struggle (2), peoples (2), problemam (2), istorii (2), noveishchee (2), vremya (2), 1977 (2), little (2), brill (2), 1930s (2), 1978 (2), peter (2), service (2), 1928 (2), warlords (2), great (2), columbia (2), 1971 (2), michael (2), james (2), millward (2), nabijan (2), tursun (2), issn (2), 1080 (2), doi (2), 124 (2), 123 (2), 122 (2), 2010 (2), historical (2), 2014 (2), review (2), world (2), 115 (2), interests (2), december (2), archived (2), october (2), ismail (2), before (2), gallery (2), assembly (2), trade (2), commerce (2), shams (2), din (2), yunus (2), ministers (2), democratic (2), often (2), own (2), backing (2), agreed (2), serve (2), deputy (2), rebel (2), study (2), defeated (2), received (2), aftermath (2), reached (2), special (2), meeting (2), said (2), turned (2), tool (2), upon (2), erkeshtam (2), going (2), leadership (2), retreated (2), border (2), far (2), refuge (2), accepting (2), dissolve (2), life (2), artush (2), nevertheless (2), proved (2), themselves (2), those (2), rapid (2), crushed (2), armies (2), effectively (2), destroyed (2), red (2), modernizing (2), build (2), conducted (2), belong (2), 500 (2), previous (2), prominent (2), form (2), choice (2), principles (2), scattered (2), surrounding (2), manchurian (2), cossack (2), guard (2), commanded (2), negotiations (2), attack (2), seized (2), road (2), return (2), altai (2), volunteer (2), approaching (2), ghulja (2), surrounded (2), mountain (2), partly (2), annihilated (2), mountains (2), completely (2), besieging (2), receive (2), fall (2), just (2), without (2), lead (2), ruler (2), previously (2), annexation (2), might (2), manchuria (2), side (2), request (2), executed (2), apresov (2), way (2), pavel (2), 1930 (2), 1910 (2), dissolution (2), war (2), 300 (2), turki (2), civilians (2), iret (2), dismantled (2), cavalry (2), formed (2), consisted (2), divisions (2), capital (2), poorly (2), set (2), called (2), take (2), arms (2), according (2), usurers (2), merchants (2), potential (2), britain (2), killings (2), uighurs (2), broke (2), ran (2), high (2), fellow (2), slaughter (2), emirs (2), shariah (2), mission (2), media (2), print (2), hostility (2), committee (2), see (2), representatives (2), viewed (2), sympathy (2), communism (2), put (2), send (2), material (2), mohammad (2), thomson (2), glover (2), reported (2), lasting (2), hajji (2), friendly (2), recognized (2), counter (2), times (2), dispatching (2), though (2), these (2), gain (2), damulla (2), agriculture (2), nationalism (2), order (2), neighboring (2), reflected (2), coins (2), greater (2), extent (2), law (2), tradition (2), jumhuriyiti (2), minted (2), claimed (2), territory (2), along (2), basin (2), involved (2), names (2), rally (2), schools (2), delivered (2), speeches (2), mosque (2), river (2), today (2), still (2), live (2), fear (2), cannot (2), need (2), foreigners (2), come (2), customs (2), written (2), too (2), long (2), down (2), such (2), brothers (2), july (2), year (2), jadidism (2), karakash (2), infidels (2), because (2), depend (2), lives (2), throughout (2), property (2), resistance (2), garrison (2), treasury (2), arsenal (2), family (2), 1932 (2), series (2), occupied (2), temur (2), men (2), brigadier (2), again (2), force (2), split (2), timur (2), centered (2), succeeded (2), commanders (2), nazir (2), school (2), further (2), chang (2), revolt (2), movements (2), karlik (2), tagh (2), tax (2), marry (2), girl (2), taxes (2), quality (2), zengxin (2), increasing (2), influenced (2), personal (2), status (2), pan (2), section (2), remove (2), please (2), cite (2), decade (2), breakaway (2), qing (2), dzungar (2), empire (2), transcriptions (2), yëziqi (2), شەرقىي (2), تۈركىستان (2), تۈرك (2), ئىسلام (2), جۇمھۇرىيىتى (2), what (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, site, registered, trademark, profit, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, symbol, dmy, dates, disestablishments, establishments, https, org, index, php, title, first_east_turkestan_republic, oldid, 1370600908, whiting, shih, michigan, lansing, 1958, pawn, academia, sinica, vol, 1996, 337, 378, christian, rutgers, 8135, 3533, wild, taming, rakhimov, mesto, bostochno, turkestanskoi, respubliki, vtr, noi, bor, etr, paper, presented, nauchnaya, konferentsiya, lattimore, boston, brown, 1950, inner, asian, frontiers, ondřej, publishers, 28809, pen, discourse, interest, 1900, khakimbaev, nekotorye, osobennosti, nogo, dvizheniya, sin, tszyana, godakh, veka, characters, 1940s, aprel, problemy, 113, 118, materialy, mezhdunarodnoi, konferentsii, oxford, 280212, setting, ablaze, secret, bolshevik, hasiotis, garland, 1987, involvement, andrew, cup, archive, 521, 25514, republican, 1911, clubb, game, 包尔汗, 新疆五十年, fifty, beijing, wenshi, ziliao, 1984, burhan, shahidi, sven, hedin, flight, big, horse, york, 1936, zrazhevsky, cossacks, almanach, third, rome, strategies, 1884, 7656, 1318, borderland, 256, pahta, ghulamuddin, 1990, 251, 0266, 6952, 02666959008716168, 250, minority, collaboration, case, uprising, david, 1999, illustrated, hong, kong, 962, 201, 831, shadow, yining, incident, conflicts, rivalry, ildikó, bellér, hann, 2008, 16675, matters, 1880, anthropology, 140, dillon, routledge, 317, 64721, expansion, twentieth, nils, ambolt, blackie, limited, 169, karavan, travels, 222, 191, 125, 247, princeton, 130, missionary, 1878, yurtçiçek, serdar, 750, 0707, 5332, 07075332, 2419463, 731, türkiye, diplomatic, perception, ideological, dynamics, geopolitical, 1935, 116, program, 2016, initiative, papers, half, politics, 2007, 203, 231, 13924, eurasian, crossroads, lee, joy, 2011, kansas, formation, identity, 3393, fengbao, qishinian, tumult, seventy, record, memories, 1969, taiwan, 121, 1901, 1965, 1948, reinforcements, marching, sufi, zada, secretary, tahir, damullah, communications, sadiq, turdi, institutions, ali, akhund, bay, finance, abd, karim, makhdum, interior, sharif, qari, justice, qasim, jan, foreign, portfolio, transcaucasian, federative, interviews, turkestani, veterans, exile, suggest, collaborated, crush, sided, relation, promising, placing, above, everything, else, equipment, paid, delegation, firmly, mediation, permitted, county, persuaded, disappeared, subordinate, eventually, absorbed, sought, consolidated, seat, urged, ammunitions, rifle, bullet, bomb, dropped, airplanes, bought, notice, held, rejecting, condemning, traitor, hoja, champion, russians, subdue, hearing, marched, mid, collect, could, find, withdrew, prisoner, merket, attempts, safely, remainders, reorganize, remainder, heels, chased, blamed, prospects, future, signed, disposal, civil, exchange, hotan, retreating, linked, forcing, rest, flee, conquering, remained, procession, betrayals, survivors, expulsion, spelled, effective, yangi, introduced, resembled, instead, field, crescent, star, alternate, shahada, turkish, kök, bayraq, various, departments, strive, catch, societies, dedicated, happiness, oppressed, pursue, economics, presidency, deal, become, freed, palace, residence, asked, letter, explained, emphasizing, accepted, congress, accordance, 1912, reserves, right, races, listed, ruling, determination, yamen, air, retreat, southward, lifted, freeing, trapped, tacheng, decided, receiving, muzart, pass, committed, suicide, surprise, stealthily, hills, station, aerodrome, started, isolating, suburbs, crucial, moment, didn, failure, weeks, imminent, matter, intervention, decisive, whole, campaign, recognision, absolute, secretly, tian, shan, disguised, rumored, cause, concern, troubling, prospect, haven, ties, gave, supporting, openly, conditions, let, converting, door, watchers, start, act, arrested, colonel, staunchy, demand, replacing, neutral, bekteyev, regiments, thus, paving, pappengut, garegin, basmachi, joseph, stalin, rybalko, tarbaghataiskaya, altaiskaya, briefly, 1889, chancellor, procurement, department, commissioner, reconstruction, 1954, hushan, certain, lost, battles, entire, companies, wiped, except, 6th, personally, altay, regiment, originally, trained, beginning, academy, atush, train, cadets, groups, headed, true, size, officers, guaranteed, targets, gangs, kashgaris, consulate, shelter, shamba, bazaar, feet, teeth, stabbed, eyes, cut, tongues, ears, plundering, valuables, happened, posgam, antagonism, plundered, possessions, rai, sahib, dip, chand, aksakal, keryia, sind, shikarpur, district, origin, diaspora, outrage, removal, accompanied, hundred, society, printing, operation, run, abdulbaqi, distribute, mandated, guaranteeing, espoused, bughras, applied, shari, ejecting, demanded, withdrawal, enacting, violently, physically, assaulted, ended, only, banished, thanks, interceding, favor, beheadings, executions, followers, faced, young, party, met, king, congratulations, asking, supply, distaste, due, pressure, reports, developments, greeted, ever, announced, hashim, zahir, kabul, enthusiastic, response, unity, niyas, emerge, nominal, allegiance, nanking, possible, extend, practical, struggling, replied, reminding, sole, moves, rebuffed, commenting, declaring, tried, numerous, ultimately, failed, refusing, recognize, raj, iran, tashkent, included, waqf, abuhasan, shemsiddin, abdukerimhan, mehsum, abdulqadir, jadists, eliminate, individualism, bureaucracy, idea, corruption, bank, post, telephone, forestry, underground, wealth, protect, peace, recruit, strong, relations, especially, united, majority, believe, particularly, advocates, promotes, religions, fully, economy, promote, industry, animal, husbandry, private, businesses, increase, equality, dictatorial, multiethnic, suggesting, character, disputed, endorses, guiding, places, much, emphases, reform, subsequent, passages, focus, reforms, platform, nine, declaration, sharia, distinct, stretching, rim, kept, separate, strapped, resources, plagued, inflation, hostile, powers, event, organized, sunday, morning, mass, shore, teachers, students, noon, cannon, fired, crowd, waving, banners, continued, square, appeared, speaker, kah, tuman, than, enemy, already, oppression, continue, subjugation, careful, intensively, oppose, afford, polite, compelled, follow, slightest, thing, connection, belongs, fathers, mothers, foreigner, habits, attitudes, etc, overthrow, drive, boundaries, forever, colors, foul, dirtied, absolutely, necessary, clean, filth, barbarians, respected, engaged, proclamation, extremely, contained, words, dispatched, shahmansur, publisher, shed, reformed, itself, multi, quasi, drew, heavily, ideas, reformism, association, foolish, like, fit, think, guns, money, god, whose, rare, most, cases, saved, accept, threat, execution, fell, minimal, surrendering, 266, spared, captured, delivering, thousands, almost, ton, vilayet, transpiring, nearby, rich, educated, worked, surghak, mines, rivers, having, yurunkash, keriya, earlier, broken, spilled, large, number, driven, across, frontier, pursuing, guerrilla, attacks, mounted, raids, koksu, posts, total, thirty, seven, mirab, faction, command, meanwhile, struck, alliance, hostilities, small, town, shot, residents, seemed, probable, work, peacefully, possession, headquarters, approximately, 700, ill, irregulars, resumed, advance, 馬紹武, ordered, leave, rapidly, deteriorating, improved, refusal, assistance, fitzmaurice, september, apparent, forthcoming, cutting, mere, sixty, straggled, joint, representative, killing, shar, route, baicheng, laid, until, reinforced, northeast, deposed, combination, enjoyed, bolstered, opposing, offering, advisor, elected, 聶滋爾, recently, deceased, eldest, designated, heir, bashir, 伯錫爾, whom, studied, together, khanliq, childhood, positions, turn, complicated, valley, night, massacre, wedding, ceremony, 100, families, altogether, garrisons, outposts, villages, lao, mao, confined, alone, joined, occasionally, break, fight, kazakhs, even, antagonizing, revolts, mobs, emerging, resident, shortly, rising, systematically, kumulliks, camels, mules, requisitioned, transport, weapons, ammunition, stocks, food, tracks, summer, palaces, aratam, foot, natural, fortress, bardash, final, straw, officer, collector, wished, village, hsiao, accounts, usually, claim, raped, coerced, forbids, girls, clearly, offensive, francesca, french, mildred, cable, died, leading, abolish, autonomy, permit, waves, migration, impose, direct, expropriated, farmland, distributed, newcomers, sometimes, compensating, poorer, additionally, exempt, taxation, amount, levied, retroactively, deteriorated, assassination, rise, arresting, executing, assassin, rival, 樊耀南, autocratic, corrupt, ineffective, managing, antagonized, populace, reinstituting, policies, prohibiting, bringing, replace, hajj, sinicization, fan, yaonan, birth, popularity, 1921, member, fleeing, advent, within, comintern, beginnings, greatly, wealthier, inspired, notions, traveled, abroad, europe, returned, home, determined, modernize, educational, system, major, founded, model, unlike, curricula, focused, technical, areas, science, mathematics, studies, emphasized, advancement, sure, disturb, quo, responded, closing, interfering, operations, turkism, challenged, removed, adding, reliable, does, emerged, abolition, semi, primarily, product, mostly, sacking, nominally, example, inspiration, continues, creation, described, differentiate, 1946, exactly, conflict, list, administrative, districts, commission, production, construction, corps, uygur, 2nd, 1st, clique, reconquest, dungan, genocide, yettishar, ming, ruled, del, yarkent, moghulistan, chagatai, yuan, mongol, qara, khitai, qocho, khanid, tibetan, beiting, tang, protectorates, medieval, rouran, gaochang, qin, protectorate, regions, shanshan, jushi, karasahr, loulan, shule, xiongnu, wusun, yuezhi, shirenzigou, tocharians, subeshi, yanbulaq, xiaohe, cemetery, mummies, afanasievo, prehistoric, ancient, tung, tʻu, chüeh, tʻan, lan, kung, kuo, wade, giles, dōng, tūjuésītǎn, yīsīlán, gònghéguó, hanyu, pinyin, standard, mandarin, 东突厥斯坦伊斯兰共和国, simplified, 東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭共和國, шәрқий, түркистан, түрк, ислам, җумхурийити, siril, sherqiy, türkistan, turk, latin, preceded, copper, silver, tilla, tanga, pūl, unit, currency, era, sunni, largest, unrecognized, entirety, light, exercised, actual, prefectures, kizilsu, emblem, meet, specific, problem, multiple, body, paragraphs, grammatical, errors, inconsistencies, romanization, nomenclature, require, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, information, permanent, link, related, here, actions, english, talk, 閩南語, bân, lâm

Text of the page (random words):
army edit army officers of the tiret the national army of the islamic republic east turkestan republic was formed on 12 november 1933 and originally consisted of two divisions around 22 000 troops the kashgar infantry division stationed in the capital kashgar and the khotan infantry division stationed in khotan the national army was poorly armed and trained in the beginning of the revolution so a military academy was set up in atush artush to train cadets all turkic ethnic groups were called to take up arms and join the national army the military was headed by the defense minister mahmut muhiti a uyghur revolutionary from turpan although the true size of the national army is not known it is estimated at 40 000 to 60 000 according to official soviet sources citation needed kashgar infantry division khotan infantry division aksu cavalry brigade kumul revolutionary regiment later became a division turpan revolutionary brigade later became the turpan division altay revolutionary cavalry brigade during the war an estimated 300 000 to 500 000 turki civilians were killed although it is not certain how many soldiers the iret lost in the war it is estimated that around 50 000 to 70 000 soldiers were killed in some battles entire companies and brigades were wiped out when iret was dismantled in 1934 the army was dismantled also except for 6th uyghur division personally commanded by mahmut muhiti citation needed dissolution edit khoja niyaz served as the president of the short lived republic general ma zhongying 1910 1937 commander of 36th kmt division 1933 1934 general ma hushan 1910 1954 commander of 36th kmt division 1934 1937 general yulbars khan 1889 1971 chancellor of kumul khanate 1922 1930 chief of procurement department of 36th kmt division 1933 1934 commissioner for reconstruction affairs of xinjiang provincial government 1934 1937 general mahmut muhiti was briefly the minister of defense of the tiret in the north aid came to sheng shicai s forces on 24 january 1934 in the form of two soviet brigades the altaiskaya and tarbaghataiskaya disguised as white russian cossack altai volunteer army and led by red army general pavel rybalko in the soviet invasion of xinjiang the japanese annexation of manchuria and rumored support for ma zhongying s hui forces were one cause for concern troubling joseph stalin another was the prospect that rebellion in xinjiang might spread to the soviet republics in central asia and offer a haven to turkic muslim basmachi rebels trade ties between xinjiang and the soviet union also gave the soviets reason for supporting sheng newly appointed soviet consul general in ürümqi garegin apresov openly said to sheng shicai in may 1933 you can develop the province and improve living conditions of the people of different nationalities develop their culture but if you let them muslim rebels to create an independent state in the south of the province converting it into the second manchuria at the back door of the ussr we will not be just a side watchers we will start to act first request from sheng shicai of military support from the soviet union came in october 1933 in december 1933 sheng shicai arrested white russian colonel pavel pappengut who was staunchy anti soviet and executed by demand of apresov replacing him by neutral general bekteyev as commander in chief of three white russian regiments of xinjiang provincial army thus paving the way for a soviet invasion citation needed zhang peiyuan a han chinese general who commanded han chinese troops in ili conducted negotiations with ma zhongying and planned to join him on the attack on ürümqi in january 1934 initially zhang seized the road between tacheng and ürümqi but decided to return to ghulja after receiving of message of capturing the city by russian altai volunteer army soviet troops entered the city upon approaching ghulja he was surrounded on mountain road his troops were partly annihilated partly fled to muzart pass on tian shan mountains and through it to southern xinjiang near aksu zhang peiyuan himself committed suicide ma zhongying attacked ürümqi as was planned taking sheng completely by surprise stealthily approaching the city from the hills on the west and first capturing the telegraph station and aerodrome then started besieging the city completely isolating it from suburbs but the fact that in the crucial moment of besieging of ürümqi ma zhongying didn t receive the promised help from zhang peiyuan s ili army was the reason of ma s failure to capture the city in the first weeks of attack nevertheless its fall was imminent and just a matter of time without intervention of soviet troops the battle for ürümqi was decisive for the whole ma zhongying s campaign in xinjiang and its taking by his forces would lead to recognision of him the absolute ruler of xinjiang by the nanjing government of china as was previously secretly promised to him citation needed the soviet brigades with air support scattered ma zhongying s troops surrounding ürümqi and forced them to retreat southward on 16 february 1934 the siege of ürümqi was lifted freeing sheng his manchurian and the white guard russian cossack troops which had been trapped in the city by ma forces since 13 january 1934 citation needed khoja niyaz had by this time arrived at kashgar with 1 500 troops on the same day of 13 january 1934 to assume the presidency of the tiret going against his previous deal with sheng with him arrived another prominent uyghur leader mahmut muhiti from eastern xinjiang turpan kumul who had agreed to become minister of defense in the tiret government accepting the offer of prime minister sabit damolla sabit damolla freed for khoja niyaz his own palace in the old city of kashgar that was established in the former yamen or residence of the head of chinese administration of southern xinjiang and asked to form a new government in his letter to nanjing government government khoja niyaz explained his decision by emphasizing the fact that he accepted the decision made by the congress of people of eastern turkestan in accordance with its free will and choice and that constitution of chinese republic of 1912 reserves the right of five races of china to self determination he listed five principles of the self ruling of the republic citation needed all of xinjiang is part of the eastern turkestan republic while all that do not belong should go back to where they came from the government and economics will be conducted by the local people all the oppressed people now living in eastern turkestan will have freedom to pursue education commerce and to build a new nation the president of the republic khoja niyaz will build a government dedicated to the happiness of the people the republic with its various departments will strive to catch up with other modernizing societies khoja niyaz introduced a new flag for the republic the kök bayraq which resembled the turkish flag but with a blue background instead of red the old flag a white field with a blue crescent and star and shahada became an alternate flag citation needed nevertheless the tiret proved to be short lived the hui forces retreating from the north linked up with ma zhancang s forces in kashgar allied themselves with the kuomintang in nanjing and attacked the tiret forcing niyaz sabit damolla and the rest of the government to flee on 6 february 1934 to yengi hissar south of the city the conquering hui army killed many of those who remained and a rapid procession of betrayals among the survivors following their expulsion from kashgar spelled the effective end of the tiret the hui army crushed the uyghur and kyrgyz armies of the east turkestan republic at the battle of kashgar battle of yarkand and battle of yangi hissar ma zhongying effectively destroyed tiret 34 following the tungan capture of kashgar the remainders of the tiret leadership including prime minister sabit damolla and nur ahmadjan retreated to yengi hissar to reorganize 35 mahmut muhiti retreated with remainder of army to yarkand and hotan while khoja niyaz fled through artush to erkeshtam on the soviet border 35 with tungan troops on his heels which chased him as far as the border niyaz took refuge in the soviet union where he was blamed by the soviets for accepting from sabit damolla the position of first leader of tiret president but was promised a military aid and great prospects for the future if he would help sheng shicai and the soviets to dissolve tiret reportedly niyaz signed an agreement with the soviets to dissolve the tiret and place its authorities under the disposal of the provincial authorities niyaz became the civil governor for life of xinjiang province in exchange 35 in the city of yengi hissar on 1 march 1934 tiret cabinet and sabit damolla received notice that niyaz and the soviets reached an agreement on 2 march the cabinet held a special meeting rejecting the agreement and condemning the president as a national traitor 36 damolla said on the meeting that hoja niyaz is not a champion of islam any more he turned himself into a tool in the hands of russians to subdue our country upon hearing this decision niyaz marched from erkeshtam to yarkand where he arrived in mid april he proceeded to collect all the gold he could find and withdrew taking sabit as his prisoner going through merket and maral bashi towards aksu despite attempts to capture him by tungan forces niyaz safely arrived in aksu where he turned over sabit to the provincial authorities 36 other tiret officials fled to india and afghanistan 37 aftermath edit the kuomintang allied hui forces under ma zhongying were defeated and sheng consolidated his rule over northern xinjiang with soviet backing the seat of khoja niyaz southern xinjiang autonomous government was initially located in aksu but later he was urged by sheng shicai to move to ürümqi to assume the position of the vice chairman of the xinjiang government his forces received 15 000 rifles and ammunitions from the soviet union but each rifle each bullet and each bomb that was dropped on tungan troops from soviet airplanes had been bought in gold from the soviet union by khoja niyaz citation needed by the end of 1934 sheng shicai with soviet backing was firmly in control of xinjiang with soviet mediation khoja niyaz agreed to serve as the vice chairman of the xinjiang government led by sheng sheng appointed mahmut muhiti as the deputy military commander of the kashgar region and permitted yulbars khan one of the hami rebel leaders to serve as the head of hami county ma zhongying was persuaded to study in the soviet union where he disappeared his subordinate forces in southern xinjiang were eventually absorbed by sheng shicai muhammad amin bughra fled to afghanistan where he sought japanese support for the tiret citation needed interviews with turkestani veterans in exile suggest that sheng shicai and the soviets collaborated to crush the republic russia had a two sided policy in relation to the region of east turkestan often promising aid in 1933 and 1944 but placing its own political and economic interests above everything else the soviet union did not offer any military equipment despite being paid for it by a delegation of the republic 38 government edit cabinet edit ministers transcaucasian democratic federative republic portfolio minister 39 president khoja niyaz prime minister sabit damolla minister of foreign affairs muhammad qasim jan minister of justice sharif qari minister of interior yunus beg minister of health abdullah khan minister of defense mahmut muhiti minister of education abd al karim khan makhdum minister of finance ali akhund bay minister of religious institutions shams al din turdi minister of trade and commerce sadiq beg emir of khotan nur ahmadjan bughra minister of communications abdullah damullah president of the national assembly tahir beg secretary of the national assembly sufi zada gallery edit ismail beg before the battle of aksu uyghur reinforcements from khotan marching to kashgar muhammad amin bughra 1901 1965 emir of the khotan emirate 1933 1934 vice chairman of kmt xinjiang government 1948 1949 khotan emir nur ahmadjan bughra 1933 1934 khotan amir abdullah bughra 1933 1934 khoja niyaz as the president sabit damolla prime minister references edit citations edit 1 2 klimeš 2015 p 121 forbes 1986 p 49 yulbars khan a record of the memories of yulbars taipei taiwan 1969 page 78 forbes 1986 p 48 forbes 1986 p 73 1 2 3 forbes 1986 p 76 forbes 1986 p 77 forbes 1986 p 79 forbes 1986 p 71 forbes 1986 p 75 klimeš 2015 p 122 123 zhang xinjiang fengbao qishinian xinjiang in tumult for seventy years 3393 4 lee joy r the islamic republic of eastern turkestan and the formation of modern uyghur identity in xinjiang kansas state university archived from the original on 22 may 2011 retrieved 28 june 2010 james a millward 2007 eurasian crossroads a history of xinjiang columbia university press pp 203 isbn 978 0 231 13924 3 tursun nabijan december 2014 the influence of intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century on uyghur politics uyghur initiative papers 11 central asia program 2 3 archived from the original on 12 october 2016 1 2 3 4 5 forbes 1986 p 115 1 2 forbes 1986 p 116 yurtçiçek serdar 2024 türkiye s diplomatic perception of the turkic islamic republic of east turkestan ideological dynamics and geopolitical interests 1933 1935 the international history review 47 5 731 750 doi 10 1080 07075332 2024 2419463 issn 0707 5332 1 2 3 tyler 2004 p 115 1 2 3 forbes 1986 p 84 forbes 1986 p 87 missionary review of the world 1878 1939 princeton press 1939 p 130 forbes 1986 p 247 klimeš 2015 p 81 klimeš 2015 p 124 125 hopkirk 2001 p 97 hopkirk 2001 p 191 hopkirk 2001 p 222 nils peter ambolt 1939 karavan travels in eastern turkestan blackie son limited p 169 forbes 1986 p 78 michael dillon 1 august 2014 xinjiang and the expansion of chinese communist power kashgar in the early twentieth century routledge pp 85 isbn 978 1 317 64721 8 forbes 1986 p 140 ildikó bellér hann 2008 community matters in xinjiang 1880 1949 towards a historical anthropology of the uyghur brill pp 59 isbn 978 90 04 16675 2 david d wang 1999 under the soviet shadow the yining incident ethnic conflicts and international rivalry in xinjiang 1944 1949 illustrated ed hong kong the chinese university press p 53 isbn 962 201 831 9 retrieved 28 june 2010 1 2 3 forbes 1986 p 122 1 2 forbes 1986 p 123 forbes 1986 p 124 pahta ghulamuddin 1990 soviet chinese collaboration in eastern turkestan the case of the 1933 uprising institute of muslim minority affairs journal 11 2 250 251 doi 10 1080 02666959008716168 issn 0266 6952 forbes 1986 p 256 sources edit james a millward and nabijan tursun political history and strategies of control 1884 1978 in xinjiang china s muslim borderland isbn 0 7656 1318 2 michael zrazhevsky russian cossacks in sinkiang almanach the third rome russia moscow 2001 sven hedin the flight of big horse new york 1936 burh...