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edit this section is an excerpt from sustainable fishery edit a conventional idea of a sustainable fishery is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate where the fish population does not decline over time because of fishing practices sustainability in fisheries combines theoretical disciplines such as the population dynamics of fisheries with practical strategies such as avoiding overfishing through techniques such as individual fishing quotas curtailing destructive and illegal fishing practices by lobbying for appropriate law and policy setting up protected areas restoring collapsed fisheries incorporating all externalities involved in harvesting marine ecosystems into fishery economics educating stakeholders and the wider public and developing independent certification programs some primary concerns around sustainability are that heavy fishing pressures such as overexploitation and growth or recruitment overfishing will result in the loss of significant potential yield that stock structure will erode to the point where it loses diversity and resilience to environmental fluctuations that ecosystems and their economic infrastructures will cycle between collapse and recovery with each cycle less productive than its predecessor and that changes will occur in the trophic balance fishing down marine food webs 33 international disputes edit the ocean covers 71 of the earth s surface and 80 of the value of exploited marine resources are attributed to the fishing industry the fishing industry has provoked various international disputes as wild fish capture rose to a peak about the end of the 20th century and has since started a gradual decline 34 iceland japan and portugal are the greatest consumers of seafood per capita in the world citation needed americas edit chile and peru are countries with high fish consumption and therefore had troubles regarding their fish industries in 1947 chile and peru first adopted the 200 nautical mile standard as their exclusive economic zone eez and in 1982 the un formally adopted this term in the 2000s chile and peru suffered a serious fish crisis because of excessive fishing and lack of proper regulations 35 from the late 1950s offshore bottom trawlers began exploiting the deeper part leading to a large catch increase and a strong decline in the underlying biomass the stock collapsed to extremely low levels in the early 1990s and this is a well known example of non excludable non rivalrous public good in economics causing free rider problems citation needed following the collapse of the atlantic northwest cod fishery in 1992 a dispute arose between canada and the european union over the right to fish greenland halibut also known as turbot just outside of canada s exclusive economic zone in the grand banks of newfoundland the dispute became known as the turbot war 36 37 on 9 march 1995 in response to observations of foreign vessels fishing illegally in canadian waters and using illegal equipment outside of canada s eez canadian officials boarded and seized the spanish trawler estai in international waters on the grand banks 38 throughout march the spanish navy deployed patrol ships to protect fishing boats in the area 39 and canadian forces were authorized to open fire on any spanish vessel showing its guns citation needed canada and the european union reached a settlement on 15 april which led to significant reforms in international fishing agreements 40 europe edit iceland is one of the largest consumers in the world and in 1972 a dispute occurred between uk and iceland because of iceland s announcement of an exclusive economic zone eez to reduce overfishing this dispute is called the cod wars direct confrontations between icelandic patrol vessels and british warships citation needed nowadays in europe in general countries are searching for a way to recover their fishing industries overfishing of eu fisheries is costing 3 2 billion euros a year and 100 000 jobs according to a report so europe is looking for some actions that could be taken to prevent overfishing 41 asia edit fishing harbor in longkou china japan china and korea are some of the greatest consumers of fish and have some disputes over exclusive economic zone 42 in 2011 due to a serious earthquake the nuclear power facility in fukushima was damaged a huge amount of contaminated water leaked and entered the ocean tokyo electric power company tepco admitted that around 300 tonnes of highly radioactive water had leaked from a storage tank on the site in the kuroshio current the sea near fukushima about 11 countries catch fish not only the surrounding countries such as japan korea and china but also the countries like ukraine spain and russia have boats in the kuroshio current in september 2013 south korea banned all fish imports from eight japanese prefectures due to the radioactive water leaks from the fukushima nuclear plant 41 the north pacific anadromous fish commission npfc was established in 2015 to manage fish stocks against increasing demand members are canada japan russia the united states and south korea china taiwan and vanuatu also participated in the meeting the npfc imposes catch limits on member countries and countries participating in the conference a crackdown on illegal unreported and unregulated fishing iuu vendors was also requested society and culture edit global goals edit international policy to attempt to address these issues is captured in sustainable development goal 14 life below water and its target 14 4 on sustainable fishing 43 by 2020 effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing illegal unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science based management plans in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics standards and labelling edit the marine stewardship council msc is an independent non profit organization which sets a standard for sustainable fishing fisheries that wish to demonstrate they are well managed and sustainable compared to the msc s standards are assessed by a team of experts or conformity assessment bodies cabs who are independent of both the fishery and the msc 44 45 by country edit v t e fishing industry by country afghanistan algeria angola australia bahrain bangladesh benin brunei canada chad chile china denmark egypt equatorial guinea ethiopia gabon ghana iceland india israel jamaica japan laos lebanon marshall islands morocco namibia new zealand north korea pakistan palau papua new guinea peru philippines portugal romania russia seychelles south korea spain sudan switzerland taiwan thailand turkey turkmenistan tuvalu uganda united kingdom united states vanuatu yemen see also edit fishery fishing industry by country fishing industry in the caribbean list of countries by fish and seafood consumption sustainable fishing references edit 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10 17730 humo 64 3 0c2uc20ct6mgdmjf inactive 2 december 2025 cite journal cs1 maint doi inactive as of december 2025 link 1 2 in brief the state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 pdf fao 2018 larsen janet 16 july 2003 other fish in the sea but for how long earth policy institute retrieved 3 june 2020 1 2 fao fisheries aquaculture home retrieved 30 january 2016 a mood and p brooke july 2010 estimating the number of fish caught in global fishing each year fishcount org uk fao 2025 world food and agriculture statistical yearbook 2025 fao doi 10 4060 cd4313en isbn 978 92 5 140174 3 fao 2025 world food and agriculture statistical yearbook 2025 fao doi 10 4060 cd4313en isbn 978 92 5 140174 3 smith david march 2004 inquiry into the future of the scottish fishing industry pdf royal society of edinburgh archived from the original pdf on 1 july 2007 retrieved 28 december 2020 le gouic aurélien v harnedy pádraigín a fitzgerald richard j 2018 bioactive peptides from fish protein by products 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wu xiaosa lv yanfang xu yongxia mi geng li jianrong 13 june 2014 the neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of protein hydrolysates from grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella skin journal of food science and technology 52 6 springer science and business media llc 3750 3755 doi 10 1007 s13197 014 1438 z issn 0022 1155 pmc 4444903 pmid 26028759 chalamaiah meram yu wenlin wu jianping 2018 immunomodulatory and anticancer protein hydrolysates peptides from food proteins a review food chemistry 245 elsevier bv 205 222 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2017 10 087 issn 0308 8146 pmid 29287362 dey pritha kadharbasha saleem bajaj mayur das jayashree chakraborty tanuj bhat chetna banerjee pradipta 2 may 2021 contribution of quasifibrillar properties of collagen hydrolysates towards lowering of interface tension in emulsion based food leading to shelf life enhancement food and bioprocess technology 14 8 springer science and business media llc 1566 1586 doi 10 1007 s11947 021 02640 z issn 1935 5130 s2cid 233478876 vázquez josé antonio rodríguez amado isabel sotelo carmen g sanz noelia pérez martín ricardo i valcárcel jesus 15 february 2020 production characterization and bioactivity of fish protein hydrolysates from aquaculture turbot scophthalmus maximus wastes biomolecules 10 2 mdpi ag 310 doi 10 3390 biom10020310 issn 2218 273x pmc 7072122 pmid 32075329 das jayashree dey pritha chakraborty tanuj saleem kadharbasha nagendra rashmi banerjee pradipta 2017 utilization of marine industry waste derived collagen hydrolysate as peroxide inhibition agents in lipid based food journal of food processing and preservation 42 2 e13430 wiley doi 10 1111 jfpp 13430 issn 0145 8892 shang yung c leung pingsun ling bith hong 1998 comparative economics of shrimp farming in asia aquaculture 164 1 4 183 200 bibcode 1998aquac 164 183s doi 10 1016 s0044 8486 98 00186 0 frouz jan frouzová jaroslava 2022 applied ecology doi 10 1007 978 3 030 83225 4 isbn 978 3 030 83224 7 s2cid 245009867 food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao 2019 fishery and aquaculture statistics 2017 pdf archived pdf from the original on 26 october 2019 global population growth wild fish stocks and the future of aquaculture shark research conservation program src university of miami sharkresearch rsmas miami edu retrieved 2 april 2018 laville sandra 6 november 2019 dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean finds report the guardian retrieved 10 may 2022 magazine smithsonian kindy david with ropes and nets fishing fleets contribute significantly to microplastic pollution smithsonian magazine retrieved 10 may 2022 worm boris et al 3 november 2006 impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services science 314 5800 787 790 bibcode 2006sci 314 787w doi 10 1126 science 1132294 pmid 17082450 s2cid 37235806 juliet eilperin 2 november 2006 seafood population depleted by 2048 study finds the washington post michael clark tilman david november 2014 global diets link environmental sustainability and human health nature 515 7528 518 522 bibcode 2014natur 515 518t doi 10 1038 nature13959 issn 1476 4687 pmid 25383533 s2cid 4453972 1 2 fao 2026 the state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2026 fao doi 10 4060 cd8357en hdl 10535 3776 isbn 978 92 5 140453 9 hilborn ray 2005 are sustainable fisheries achievable chapter 15 pp 247 259 in norse and crowder 2005 millennium ecosystem assessment in mackerel s plunder hints of epic fish collapse international herald tribune 25 january 2012 retrieved 30 january 2016 via the new york times anderson lisa 19 march 1995 depleted fish stocks spark canada s turbot war with spain chicago tribune retrieved 28 december 2020 court backs canada s seizure of trawler during turbot war cbc news 27 july 2005 retrieved 28 december 2020 swardson anne 10 march 1995 canada fires warning shots seizes spanish fishing boat the washington post retrieved 28 december 2020 tremlett giles 23 march 1995 spanish trawler estai reaches port united press international retrieved 28 december 2020 damanaki maria 6 september 2010 answer to question no e 4682 10 european parliament retrieved 28 december 2020 1 2 overfishing costs eu 2 7bn each year bbc news 10 february 2012 retrieved 30 january 2016 urbina ian the deadly secret of china s invisible armada www nbcnews com nbc news retrieved 11 august 2020 united nations 2017 resolution adopted by the general assembly on 6 july 2017 work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development a res 71 313 msc standards msc msc org retrieved 6 april 2013 what is a conformity assessment body tcab trust conformity assessment body 16 february 2018 retrieved 19 may 2022 external links edit fao fisheries information noaa fisheries service v t e fishing industry topics wild fisheries fishing industry aquarium fishery artisanal fishing bycatch commercial fishing declawing of crabs fish slaughter list of harvested aquatic animals by weight trawling overfishing pair trawling midwater trawling bo...