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the (320), and (129), florida (90), spanish (67), that (67), were (57), fishing (54), #ranchos (47), from (46), indians (46), for (33), had (31), was (30), with (29), seminoles (24), coast (23), tampa (22), fishermen (22), indian (22), american (21), bay (21), they (21), rancho (20), seminole (19), charlotte (19), harbor (19), also (15), cuba (14), muscogee (14), havana (14), spaniards (14), worth (13), edit (13), not (13), war (12), 2012 (12), southwest (12), william (12), who (12), been (12), cuban (11), his (11), their (11), all (11), but (11), reported (11), along (11), territory (10), second (10), between (10), fish (10), army (10), children (10), there (10), americans (10), native (10), other (9), west (9), chakaika (9), some (9), have (9), bunce (9), year (9), slaves (9), people (9), fort (8), british (8), 1955 (8), neill (8), early (8), hammond (8), 1972 (8), covington (8), 1959 (8), claimed (8), stated (8), island (8), vessels (8), customs (8), many (8), season (8), wikipedia 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e soldiers at the fort brooke requested that the us navy patrol the coast where the fishing ranchos were located american fishing boats from connecticut were fishing in florida waters and selling their catch in cuba the americans sold fresh fish while the ranchos sold salted and dried fish so that there was no direct competition but the american fishermen wanted congress to tax foreign fishing boats 26 during the 1820s there was growing concern about the spanish fishermen smuggling and engaging in commerce with indians in 1824 gad humphreys the indian agent for southwest florida reported that many indians were travelling to cuba where they were welcomed and provided gifts and that alcoholic beverages were being supplied to the indians through the fishing ranchos he also reported that runaway slaves were being taken to cuba by the spanish fishermen acting florida governor george walton jr regarded humphrey s claims as exaggerated colonel brooke proposed sending army patrols to stop the traffic in alcohol but there is no record of any action taken 27 rumors that smuggling was common around tampa bay and charlotte harbor reached customs officials by the end of the 1820s one report claimed that the spanish fishermen were engaged in smuggling much more than in fishing jesse willis customs collector at st marks visited the area in 1830 and found between 400 and 600 spaniards and indians living at the ranchos although told that all cargos from cuba to the ranchos were passing through customs control at key west willis believed that the fishermen had paid duties on less than half of the supplies reaching florida and recommended that a customs inspector be stationed at charlotte harbor deputy customs collectors were appointed in 1830 augustus steele for tampa bay and george willis for charlotte harbor 28 william whitehead said that the cuban fishermen paid import duties and tonnage fees at the port of entry in key west and that some of them had considered becoming american citizens but held back because they did not speak english he also noted that article 15 of the adams onís treaty gave equal protection to spanish and american vessels for 12 years 26 hostility to the ranchos edit americans in florida were anxious that the spanish and indians in southwest florida be removed in order that clear title to the land would be available for settlers in 1832 the legislative council of the territory of florida passed a law requiring licensing of all fishing vessels in florida with licensing fees and bonds for foreign vessels set so high that william whitehead felt they were intended to drive the spanish fishermen out of florida george willis already customs collector for charlotte harbor was appointed as protector of the charlotte harbor fisheries willis unhappy with the low pay for a hardship position resigned and henry crews was appointed as customs collector for charlotte harbor in 1833 whitehead sought to dismiss crews in 1835 after crews refused to allow jose caldez to unload a cargo at useppa that whitehead had cleared in key west crews contended that the cargo in question included liquor meant for the indians crews was killed by seminoles in april 1836 four months after the dade battle marked the beginning of the second seminole war and just before his replacement arrived in charlotte harbor 29 in 1833 john winslett a white attorney working for the muscogee nation was in florida tracking slaves who had escaped from muscogee owners he stated in an affidavit that he had been advised that it was unsafe to travel south of tampa bay in pursuit of runaway slaves because there were bands of desperadoes runaways murderers and thieves between there and charlotte harbor composed of indians and blacks most of the latter being runaway slaves 15 wiley thompson the indian agent at fort king wrote to florida governor william pope duval at the beginning of 1834 about a settlement of negroes indians and spaniards southeast of charlotte harbor a lawless motley crew 30 thompson wrote again in 1835 of unauthorized settlements of blacks indians and spaniards in peninsular florida and stated that the indians were descended from seminoles he also stated that there were roving bands of seminole indians on and about the everglades 15 by 1835 american officials had become concerned about the number of indians living at or near the fishing ranchos instead of on the reservation that was established by the treaty of moultrie creek the military put pressure on william bunce who had a fishing rancho on tampa bay to send away the indians at his rancho 25 augustus steele wrote to wiley thompson in 1835 concerning the legal status of the indians attached to fishing ranchos steele declared that while the indians and mixed race persons at the ranchos were descended from seminoles they did not claim affiliation with the seminoles and were not claimed by the seminoles because the seminoles did not want to share the annuities paid to them by the american government he also stated that the indians at the ranchos spoke spanish and that some had been baptised in havana and described them as spanish fishermen under the spanish government and incapable of supporting themselves by ordinary indian means 31 16 thompson replied to steele stating that the spanish indians were bound by communication and family relationships to the seminoles and had to join the seminoles on the reservation 32 however it was agreed that the indians working for bunce could remain at his rancho 33 an 1837 report stated that indians living on the coast south of charlotte harbor had never gone to the reservation agency but traded produce skins and small live animals at the spanish ranchos for guns ammunition and clothing they may have also sometimes worked at the ranchos they had not been represented at the moultrie creek and payne s landing treaty conferences with the us and had never agreed to leave florida 34 second seminole war edit the start of the second seminole war at the end of 1835 brought trouble to southwest florida rumors spread that seminoles were planning to attack establishments around tampa bay the navy and the louisiana volunteer regiment were ordered to search for seminoles south of tampa bay without success spaniards from the fishing ranchos served as guides for the expedition in april henry crews was murdered at charlotte harbor and a party of 25 seminoles led by wyhokee raided the useppa island fishing rancho approximately 200 residents of fishing ranchos in the charlotte harbor area then fled to william bunce s rancho on tampa bay 35 later that year the old ranchos in the vicinity of sanibel island were reported to be deserted and mostly destroyed 36 other spanish indians still remained on the mainland an 1837 army excursion from the caloosahatchee river to cape sable captured 243 prisoners 37 in 1837 a us navy party burned part of william bunce s rancho on the manatee river bunce then moved most of his operations to passage key at the entrance to tampa bay however the army seized all persons with any indian ancestry that they found at the ranchos general thomas jesup army commander in florida stated that if he let any spanish indians stay in florida other seminoles would refuse to go to indian territory 38 in 1838 the spanish indian wives and children at bunce s rancho and even some of the spaniards were force to emigrate to indian territory with the seminoles 20 that year 21 men who had been rounded up from charlotte harbor ranchos to be shipped to indian territory petitioned to be released on the grounds that they were spanish not indians two of the men complained that their wives had been claimed by holata emathla as part of his band being sent to indian territory 23 in 1838 80 spaniards were reported to be among captives being sent to the indian territory from florida seven spaniards were allowed to stay in new orleans when they promised not to return to florida a newspaper in arkansas reported that one group of captives being taken to the indian territory included 150 spanish indians and spaniards who had married seminoles 37 bunce was accused of trafficking with the seminoles in 1840 and the army destroyed his rancho 39 thomas lawson then surgeon general of the united states army led an expedition along the southwest coast of florida in 1838 looking for indian settlements he found cleared fields and abandoned village sites but no indians he reported that aside from islands along the coast the inland country was uninhabitable he reached cape sable where he established fort poinsett 40 the remaining spanish indians in florida under chakaika entered the war against the united states in 1839 23 chakaika had apparently been a member of a fishing rancho community john worth reports that chakaika had been baptized as antonio and that his entry into the war was a response to the destruction of the spanish rancho system by the us army in 1836 1839 41 the united states army found chakaika s settlement in the everglades in 1840 and chakaika and several of his men were killed 42 some surviving men from chakaika s band may have joined other seminole bands 43 twenty four surviving women and children from chakaika s band had been sent to indian territory by 1841 18 legacy edit a fishing rancho owned by a cuban is reputed to have operated in southern pinellas county from 1843 until 1848 when it was destroyed in the 1848 tampa bay hurricane antonio máximo hernández is reported to have supplied fish to havana to have worked as a fishing and turtle egg guide for soldiers at fort brooke and to have aided the us army during the second seminole war it is also reported that he received a land grant in 1842 44 spanish indians disappeared from the historical record after 1840 some seminole families in oklahoma claimed spanish ancestry in 1932 but it is unclear whether they derived from chakaika s band or from rancho indians 45 fishing stations on the southwest coast of florida were still called ranches or ranchos in the mid 20th century 46 notes edit seminoles were generally known by their titles the position they held rather than a personal name for example osceola is an anglicized spelling of the muscogee asi yahola meaning black drink cryer one who called eligible adult males to the black drink ceremony all seminoles whether they were musgokee or hitchiti mikasuki speaking were known by muscogee titles 9 references edit worth 2012 p 143 1 2 worth 2012 p 144 1 2 worth 2012 p 145 covington 1959 p 117 hill 2014 p 55 covington 1959 p 118 worth 2012 pp 145 146 covington 1959 p 119 neill 1955 p 47 neill 1955 p 53 tebeau 1968 p 66 hammond 1972 pp 355 357 359 adams 1970 pp 373 394 sturtevant 1953 p 40 1 2 3 neill 1955 p 44 1 2 3 worth 2012 p 150 worth 2012 p 146 1 2 worth 2012 p 142 worth 2012 pp 150 151 1 2 worth 2012 p 153 tebeau 1968 p 63 tebeau 1968 p 59 1 2 3 neill 1955 p 46 hammond 1972 pp 364 365 1 2 covington 1959 pp 123 124 1 2 covington 1959 pp 122 123 hammond 1972 pp 361 362 hammond 1972 pp 366 368 hammond 1972 pp 369 373 neill 1955 p 43 neill 1955 pp 44 46 neill 1955 pp 45 46 covington 1959 p 125 sturtevant 1953 p 41 hammond 1972 pp 375 377 adams 1970 pp 410 411 1 2 sturtevant 1953 pp 41 43 covington 1959 p 126 127 hammond 1972 p 379 tebeau 1968 pp 64 65 worth 2012 pp 142 143 sturtevant 1953 pp 52 53 buker 1979 p 325 miller 2005 sturtevant 1953 p 54 tebeau 1968 p 107 sources edit adams george r april 1970 the caloosahatchee massacre its significance in the second seminole war the florida historical quarterly 48 4 368 380 retrieved 26 april 2023 buker george e january 1979 the mosquito fleet s guides and the second seminole war the florida historical quarterly 57 3 311 326 covington james 1959 trade relations between southwestern florida and cuba 1600 1840 florida historical quarterly 38 2 florida historical society 119 retrieved 17 july 2022 via stars hammond e a 1972 the spanish fisheries of charlotte harbor florida historical quarterly 51 4 355 380 hill james l 2014 bring them what they lack spanish creek exchange and alliance making in a maritime borderland 1763 1783 early american studies 12 1 36 67 issn 1543 4273 jstor 24474846 miller betty jean october 18 2005 early settler left his mark in maximo tampa bay times retrieved december 21 2023 neill wilfred t june 1955 the identity of florida s spanish indians the florida anthropologist 8 2 43 58 via university of florida digital collection sturtevant william c 1953 chakaika and the spanish indians pdf tequesta 13 35 73 archived from the original pdf on 2012 02 08 retrieved 2021 12 01 via digital collections florida international university tebeau charlton w 1968 1964 man in the everglades second revised ed coral gables florida university of miami press lccn 68 17768 worth john e 2012 creolization in southwest florida cuban fishermen and spanish indians ca 1766 1841 historical archaeology 46 1 142 160 doi 10 1007 bf03376865 jstor 23264529 retrieved 3 november 2023 v t e state of florida tallahassee capital history timeline indigenous peoples of florida spanish florida missions british rule east florida west florida florida territory seminole wars slavery plantations of leon county mosquito county armed occupation act civil war great migration fishing ranchos florida east coast railway draining and development of the everglades 1920s florida land boom kennedy space center disney world geography beaches bays caves counties everglades keys lakes lake okeechobee metro areas municipalities regions rivers sinkholes springs state forests state parks straits swamps major hurricanes florida keys 1919 tampa bay 1921 miami 1926 okeechobee 1928 florida keys 1929 treasure coast 1933 labor day 1935 dry tortugas 1944 homestead 1945 fort lauderdale 1947 south florida 1948 1949 florida hurricane easy 1950 king 1950 donna 1960 betsy 1965 eloise 1975 elena 1985 andrew 1992 opal 1995 charley 2004 frances 2004 ivan 2004 jeanne 2004 dennis 2005 wilma 2005 matthew 2016 irma 2017 michael 2018 dorian 2019 ian 2022 idalia 2023 helene 2024 milton 2024 society african american brazilian american culture miami orlando crime cuban american culture miami tampa culture demographics economy agriculture housing tourism education florida cracker floridians government haitian american culture delray beach miami homelessness human trafficking indigenous peoples everglades lgbt rights politics ballot measures congressional delegations congressional districts puerto rican culture orlando kissimmee politics sports seminole black seminoles sports culture casinos film florida man florida heritage trails floridiana cuisine of florida literature miami accent music mass media newspapers radio tv symbols flag motto seal visit florida environment environmental issues fauna flora florida reef geology climate climate change other cuba united states relations index tourist attractions transportation florida portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title fishing_...