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rtal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 terminology 2 history toggle history subsection 2 1 first to 18th centuries 2 2 18th century 2 3 19th century 2 3 1 freedmen of the five tribes 2 4 20th century 2 5 21st century 3 tribes toggle tribes subsection 3 1 cherokee 3 2 chickasaw 3 3 choctaw 3 4 muscogee 3 5 seminoles 4 works 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents five civilized tribes 43 languages afrikaans العربية български català čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch español فارسی suomi français galego עברית magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 қазақша 한국어 lietuvių latviešu македонски bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål ирон polski português runa simi română русский simple english српски srpski svenska தமிழ் ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 文言 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia native american grouping illustrations of members of the five civilized tribes painted between 1775 and 1850 clockwise from top left sequoyah pushmataha selocta osceola and piominko the term five civilized tribes was applied by the united states government in the early federal period of the history of the united states to the five major native american nations in the southeast the cherokee chickasaw choctaw muscogee creek and seminole 1 2 3 white americans classified them as civilized because they had adopted attributes of the anglo american culture 4 examples of such colonial attributes adopted by these five tribes included christianity centralized governments literacy market participation written constitutions intermarriage with white americans and chattel slavery practices including purchase of enslaved black americans 5 6 for a period the five civilized tribes tended to maintain stable political relations with the white population however white encroachment continued and eventually led to the removal of these tribes from the southeast most prominently along the trail of tears in the 21st century this term has been criticized by some scholars for its ethnocentric assumptions by anglo americans of what they considered civilized 7 but representatives of these tribes continue to meet regularly on a quarterly basis in their inter tribal council of the five civilized tribes 8 the descendants of these tribes who primarily live in what is now oklahoma are sometimes referred to as the five tribes of oklahoma although several other federally recognized tribes are also located in that state terminology edit the term civilized tribes was adopted to distinguish the five tribes from other native american tribes that were described as wild or savage 9 10 texts written by non indigenous scholars and writers have used words like savage and wild to identify indian tribes that retained their traditional cultural practices after european contact as a consequence of evolving attitudes toward ethnocentric word usage and more rigorous ethnographical standards the term five civilized tribes is rarely used in contemporary academic publications 11 george washington believed that the only way indians could survive in proximity to white settlers was for them to become civilized the united states accordingly adopted a policy of civilizing indians while washington was president the policy assumed that civilized indians would require less land and would need money so that they would be willing to sell the excess land to white settlers in white american terms indians became civilized by the men giving up hunting and becoming farmers displacing the women who traditionally had been the primary farmers they were expected to use draft animals and to give up maize as a main crop and instead raise wheat and cotton the women were to become housekeepers caring for children and weaving cotton for clothing the indians were also expected to acquire slaves and use them like their white plantation neighbors did 3 the word civilized was used by white settlers to refer to the five tribes who during the 18th and early 19th centuries actively integrated anglo american customs into their own cultures 12 sociologists anthropologists and interdisciplinary scholars alike are interested in how and why these native peoples assimilated certain features of the alien culture of the white settlers who were encroaching on their lands historian steve brandon asserts that this adaptation and incorporation of aspects of white culture was a tactic employed by the five nations peoples to resist removal from their lands 13 while the term five civilized tribes has been institutionalized in federal government policy to the point that the us congress passed laws using the name the five nations themselves have been less accepting of it in formal matters and some members have declared that grouping the different peoples under this label is effectively another form of colonization and control by white society 13 other modern scholars have suggested that the very concept of civilization was internalized by individuals who belonged to the five nations 14 11 but because much of native north american history has been communicated by oral tradition little scholarly research has been done to substantiate this in present day commentary on native american cultures the term civilized is contentious and not commonly used in academic literature some commentators including the indian activist vine deloria jr have declared that it is demeaning and implies that the indigenous peoples of the north american continent were uncivilized before their contact with the habits customs and beliefs of anglo american settlers the term is based on the assumption that different peoples possess objective degrees of civilization that may be assessed and raises the question of just what qualities define civilization consequently it is considered a judgmental term whose meaning is dependent on the user s perspective and thus best avoided 15 16 history edit the mississippian culture was a mound building native american urban culture which flourished in the south and eastern regions of the united states prior to the arrival of white settlers the five civilized tribes is a term used for five major indigenous tribes who lived in the southeastern united states they lived in an area that had been influenced by the mississippian culture prior to the arrival of white settlers these tribes generally had matrilineal kinship systems with property and hereditary positions passed through the mother s family citation needed first to 18th centuries edit based on the development of surplus foods from cultivation mississippian towns had more dense populations and they developed artisan classes and hereditary religious and political elites the mississippian culture flourished in what is now the midwestern eastern and southeastern united states from 800 to 1500 ce agriculture was the primary economic pursuit the bulk of the tribes lived in towns some covering hundreds of acres and populated with thousands of people they were known for building large complex earthwork mounds these communities regulated their space with planned streets subdivided into residential and public areas their system of government was hereditary chiefdoms were of varying size and complexity with high levels of military organization 17 18th century edit routes of southern removals to the first indian territory of the five civilized tribes president george washington and henry knox the first secretary of war implemented a policy of cultural transformation in relation to native americans citation needed the cherokee and choctaw tended in turn to adopt and appropriate certain cultural aspects of the federation of colonies in 1776 assembled in philadelphia the second continental congress unanimously adopted the declaration of independence which was largely written by thomas jefferson american independence was subsequently achieved by the victory of the continental army led by george washington in the american revolutionary war and codified in the treaty of paris in 1784 the five tribes generally adopted cultural practices from americans that they found useful tribal groups who had towns or villages closer to european descendant americans or interacted more with them through trading or intermarriage took up more of such new practices those towns that were more isolated tended to maintain their traditional cultures 18 george washington promulgated a doctrine that held that indian americans were biologically equals but that their societies were inferior he formulated and implemented a policy to encourage civilizing them which thomas jefferson continued and expanded 19 historian robert remini wrote that the american leaders presumed that once the indians adopted the practice of private property built homes farmed educated their children and embraced christianity these native americans would win acceptance from americans of european descent 19 george washington s six point plan included regulating the buying of indian lands promoting commerce with the tribes promoting experiments to civilize or improve indian society authorizing presidential authority to bestow presents on the tribes and punish those who violated indian rights 20 the us government appointed indian agents such as benjamin hawkins in the southeast to live among indians and to encourage them through example and instruction to assimilate and adopt the lifestyle of white settlers 18 the tribes of the southeast adopted washington s policy as they established schools took up yeoman farming practices converted to christianity and built homes similar to those of their colonial neighbors 20 these five tribes also adopted the practice of chattel slavery holding enslaved african americans as forced workers 6 how different would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population that we had persevered through all difficulties and at last had imparted our knowledge of cultivating and the arts to the aboriginals of the country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended but it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the indians of north america this opinion is probably more convenient than just henry knox letter to george washington july 7 1789 21 following the establishment of independence following the american revolutionary war americans pushed into the interior and into the deep south areas that were still largely dominated by native americans the invention of the cotton gin made cultivation of short staple cotton profitable in the interior and settlers encroached on native american lands in the upper south including western georgia and the future states of alabama louisiana and mississippi they demanded the chance to cultivate these lands for agriculture armed conflicts occurred between some of the tribes and the settlers who kept pushing west and acquired additional territories through negotiated treaties with european colonial powers and sometimes by force 19th century edit the boundaries of the five civilized tribes in oklahoma in 1866 cherokee nation historic courthouse in tahlequah oklahoma built in 1849 the oldest public building in present day oklahoma 22 in the early 19th century under such leaders as andrew jackson elected president in 1828 and others the us government formally initiated indian removal forcing those tribes still living east of the mississippi river including the five tribes to lands west of the river congress passed authorizing legislation in 1830 to fund such moves and arrange for new lands in what became known as indian territory to the west most members of the five tribes were forced to indian territory before 1840 many to what later became the states of kansas and oklahoma the cherokee nation resisted removal until 1838 and lost thousands of members in removal along what they called the cherokee trail of tears president martin van buren had enforced the treaty of new echota although the senate had not ratified it and a majority of the tribe said they had not agreed to its cessions of communal land citation needed once the tribes had been relocated to indian territory the us government promised that their lands would be free of american settlers but settlers soon began to violate that and enforcement was difficult in the western frontier freedmen of the five tribes edit main articles choctaw freedmen cherokee freedmen controversy creek freedmen and black seminoles this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2021 learn how and when to remove this message the five tribes participated in native american slave ownership that had enslaved black people before and during the american civil war the five tribes largely supported the confederacy which had severed ties with the union prior to the war in large part because they were promised their own state if the confederacy won 23 during removal to indian territory the five tribes considered enslaved black people an ideal way of transporting capital to the west because they were movable property 24 after the end of the civil war the us required these tribes to make new peace treaties and to emancipate their slaves as slaves had been emancipated and were granted citizenship in the us all five tribes acknowledged in writing that because of the agreements they had made with the confederate states during the civil war previous treaties made with the united states would no longer be upheld thus prompting the need for a new treaty and an opportunity for the united states to fulfill its goal of wrenching more land from their grasp 24 they were required to offer full citizenship in their tribes to those freedmen who wanted to stay with the tribes those who wanted to leave could become us citizens by that time numerous families had intermarried or had other personal ties with african americans 25 the emancipation proclamation of 1863 declared all slaves in the confederacy which were states that had separated from the union to be permanently free except for tennessee and other parts of the confederacy already under union army control the proclamation did not end slavery in the five border states that remained in the union but slavery everywhere in the nation was abolished except as punishment for a crime with the ratification of the thirteenth amendment to the united states...