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fety perspective the lel concentration is considered to be immediately dangerous to life or health idlh where a more stringent exposure limit does not exist for the flammable gas 3 percentage reading on combustible air monitors should not be confused with the lfl concentrations explosimeters designed and calibrated to a specific gas may show the relative concentration of the atmosphere to the lfl the lfl being 100 a 5 displayed lfl reading for methane for example would be equivalent to 5 multiplied by 4 4 or approximately 0 22 methane by volume at 20 degrees c control of the explosion hazard is usually achieved by sufficient natural or mechanical ventilation to limit the concentration of flammable gases or vapors to a maximum level of 25 of their lower explosive or flammable limit upper flammability limit edit upper flammability limit ufl highest concentration percentage of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in the presence of an ignition source arc flame heat concentrations higher than ufl or uel are too rich to burn operating above the ufl is usually avoided for safety because air leaking in can bring the mixture into combustibility range influence of temperature pressure and composition edit flammability limits of mixtures of several combustible gases can be calculated using le chatelier s mixing rule for combustible volume fractions x i displaystyle x_ i l f l mix 1 i x i l f l i displaystyle lfl_ text mix frac 1 sum _ i frac x_ i lfl_ i and similar for ufl temperature pressure and the concentration of the oxidizer also influences flammability limits higher temperature or pressure as well as higher concentration of the oxidizer primarily oxygen in air results in lower lfl and higher ufl hence the gas mixture will be easier to explode usually atmospheric air supplies the oxygen for combustion and limits assume the normal concentration of oxygen in air oxygen enriched atmospheres enhance combustion lowering the lfl and increasing the ufl and vice versa an atmosphere devoid of an oxidizer is neither flammable nor explosive for any fuel concentration except for gases that can energetically decompose even in the absence of an oxidizer such as acetylene significantly increasing the fraction of inert gases in an air mixture at the expense of oxygen increases the lfl and decreases the ufl controlling explosive atmospheres edit gas and vapor edit controlling gas and vapor concentrations outside the flammable limits is a major consideration in occupational safety and health methods used to control the concentration of a potentially explosive gas or vapor include use of sweep gas an unreactive gas such as nitrogen or argon to dilute the explosive gas before coming in contact with air use of scrubbers or adsorption resins to remove explosive gases before release are also common gases can also be maintained safely at concentrations above the uel although a breach in the storage container can lead to explosive conditions or intense fires dusts edit dusts also have upper and lower explosion limits though the upper limits are hard to measure and of little practical importance lower flammability limits for many organic materials are in the range of 10 50 g m 3 which is much higher than the limits set for health reasons as is the case for the lel of many gases and vapours dust clouds of this concentration are hard to see through for more than a short distance and normally only exist inside process equipment flammability limits also depend on the particle size of the dust involved and are not intrinsic properties of the material in addition a concentration above the lel can be created suddenly from settled dust accumulations so management by routine monitoring as is done with gases and vapours is of no value the preferred method of managing combustible dust is by preventing accumulations of settled dust through process enclosure ventilation and surface cleaning however lower flammability limits may be relevant to plant design volatile liquids edit situations caused by evaporation of flammable liquids into the air filled void volume of a container may be limited by flexible container volume or by using an immiscible fluid to fill the void volume hydraulic tankers use displacement of water when filling a tank with petroleum 4 examples edit the flammable explosive limits of some gases and vapors are given below concentrations are given in percent by volume of air class ia liquids with a flash point less than 73 f 23 c and boiling point less than 100 f 38 c have a nfpa 704 flammability rating of 4 class ib liquids with a flash point less than 73 f 23 c and a boiling point equal to or greater than 100 f 38 c and class ic liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 73 f 23 c but less than 100 f 38 c have a nfpa 704 flammability rating of 3 class ii liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 100 f 38 c but less than 140 f 60 c and class iiia liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 140 f 60 c but less than 200 f 93 c have a nfpa 704 flammability rating of 2 class iiib liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 200 f 93 c have a nfpa 704 flammability rating of 1 substance flammability limit vol nfpa class flash point minimum ignition energy mj proportion in air at which achieved a 5 autoignition temperature lower upper acetaldehyde 4 0 57 0 ia 39 c 0 37 175 c acetic acid glacial 4 19 9 ii 39 43 c 463 c acetic anhydride ii 54 c acetone 2 6 3 12 8 13 ib 17 c 1 15 4 5 465 c 485 c 6 acetonitrile ib 2 c 524 c acetyl chloride 7 3 19 ib 5 c 390 c acetylene 2 5 100 7 ia flammable gas 0 017 8 5 0 0002 40 in pure oxygen 305 c acrolein 2 8 31 ib 26 c 0 13 acrylonitrile 3 0 17 0 ib 0 c 0 16 9 0 allyl chloride 2 9 11 1 ib 32 c 0 77 ammonia 15 28 iiib 11 c 680 651 c arsine 4 5 5 1 8 78 ia flammable gas benzene 1 2 7 8 ib 11 c 0 2 4 7 560 c 1 3 butadiene 2 0 12 ia 85 c 0 13 5 2 butane n butane 1 6 8 4 ia 60 c 0 25 4 7 420 500 c n butyl acetate butyl acetate 1 1 7 6 8 15 ib 24 c 370 c 2 butanol 1 7 9 8 29 c 405 c isobutanol 1 7 10 9 22 27 c 415 c n butanol 1 4 6 11 2 ic 35 c 340 c n butyl chloride 1 chlorobutane 1 8 10 1 ib 6 c 1 24 n butyl mercaptan 1 4 9 10 2 ib 2 c 225 c butyl methyl ketone 2 hexanone 1 10 8 ic 25 c 423 c butylene 1 butylene 1 butene 1 98 8 9 65 ia 80 c carbon disulfide 1 0 50 0 ib 30 c 0 009 7 8 90 c carbon monoxide 12 8 75 ia 191 c flammable gas 609 c chlorine monoxide ia flammable gas 1 chloro 1 1 difluoroethane 6 2 17 9 ia 65 c flammable gas cyanogen 6 0 6 6 11 32 42 6 ia flammable gas cyclobutane 1 8 11 1 ia 63 9 c 12 426 7 c cyclohexane 1 3 7 8 8 ib 18 20 c 13 0 22 3 8 245 c cyclohexanol 1 9 iiia 68 c 300 c cyclohexanone 1 1 1 9 9 4 ii 43 9 44 c 420 c 14 cyclopentadiene 15 ib 0 c 0 67 640 c cyclopentane 1 5 2 9 4 ib 37 38 9 c 16 17 0 54 361 c cyclopropane 2 4 10 4 ia 94 4 c 18 0 17 6 3 498 c decane 0 8 5 4 ii 46 1 c 210 c diborane 0 8 88 ia 90 c flammable gas 19 38 c o dichlorobenzene 1 2 dichlorobenzene 2 20 9 iiia 65 c 648 c 1 1 dichloroethane 6 11 ib 14 c 1 2 dichloroethane 6 16 ib 13 c 413 c 1 1 dichloroethene 6 5 15 5 ia 10 c flammable gas dichlorofluoromethane 54 7 non flammable 21 36 1 c 22 552 c dichloromethane methylene chloride 16 66 non flammable dichlorosilane 4 4 7 96 ia 28 c 0 015 diesel fuel 0 6 7 5 iiia 62 c 210 c diethanolamine 2 13 ib 169 c diethylamine 1 8 10 1 ib 23 26 c 312 c diethyl disulfide 1 2 ii 38 9 c 23 diethyl ether 1 9 2 36 48 ia 45 c 0 19 5 1 160 170 c diethyl sulfide ib 10 c 24 1 1 difluoroethane 3 7 18 ia 81 1 c 25 1 1 difluoroethylene 5 5 21 3 126 1 c 26 difluoromethane 14 4 27 diisobutyl ketone 1 6 49 c diisopropyl ether 1 21 ib 28 c dimethylamine 2 8 14 4 ia flammable gas 1 1 dimethylhydrazine ib dimethyl sulfide ia 49 c dimethyl sulfoxide 2 6 3 42 iiib 88 95 c 215 c 1 4 dioxane 2 22 ib 12 c epichlorohydrin 4 21 31 c ethane 3 8 12 12 4 ia flammable gas 135 c 515 c ethanol ethyl alcohol 3 3 3 19 ib 12 8 c 365 c 2 ethoxyethanol 3 18 43 c 2 ethoxyethyl acetate 2 8 56 c ethyl acetate 2 12 ia 4 c 460 c ethylamine 3 5 14 ia 17 c ethylbenzene 1 0 7 1 15 20 c ethylene 2 7 36 ia 0 07 490 c ethylene glycol 3 22 111 c ethylene oxide 3 100 ia 20 c ethyl chloride 3 8 8 15 4 ia 50 c ethyl mercaptan ia fuel oil no 1 0 7 8 5 furan 2 14 ia 36 c gasoline 100 octane 1 4 7 6 ib 40 c 246 280 c glycerol 3 19 199 c heptane n heptane 1 05 6 7 4 c 0 24 3 4 204 215 c hexane n hexane 1 2 7 5 22 c 0 24 3 8 225 c 233 c 6 hydrogen 4 18 3 28 75 59 ia flammable gas 0 016 28 0 0012 in pure oxygen 500 571 c hydrogen sulfide 4 3 46 ia flammable gas 0 068 isobutane 1 8 8 9 6 ia flammable gas 462 c isobutyl alcohol 2 11 28 c isophorone 1 4 84 c isopropyl alcohol isopropanol 2 8 12 ib 12 c 398 399 c 425 c 6 isopropyl chloride ia kerosene jet a 1 0 6 0 7 4 9 5 ii 38 c as jet fuel 210 c lithium hydride ia 2 mercaptoethanol iiia methane natural gas iso10156 5 0 14 3 ia flammable gas 0 21 8 5 580 c iec60079 20 1 4 4 17 methyl acetate 3 16 10 c methyl alcohol methanol 6 6 7 8 36 ib 11 c 385 c 455 c 6 methylamine ia 8 c methyl chloride 10 7 8 17 4 ia 46 c methyl ether ia 41 c methyl ethyl ether ia methyl ethyl ketone 1 8 8 10 ib 6 c 505 515 c 6 methyl formate ia methyl mercaptan 3 9 21 8 ia 53 c mineral spirits 0 7 6 6 5 38 43 c 258 c morpholine 1 8 10 8 ic 31 37 7 c 310 c naphthalene 0 9 8 5 9 iiia 79 87 c 540 c neohexane 1 19 8 7 58 29 c 425 c nickel tetracarbonyl 2 34 4 c 60 c nitrobenzene 2 9 iiia 88 c nitromethane 7 3 22 2 35 c 379 c octane 1 7 13 c iso octane 0 79 5 94 pentane 1 5 7 8 ia 40 49 c 0 18 4 4 as 2 pentane 260 c n pentane 1 4 7 8 ia 0 28 3 3 iso pentane 1 32 8 9 16 ia 420 c phosphine ia propane 2 1 9 5 10 1 ia flammable gas 0 25 5 2 0 0021 in pure oxygen 480 c propyl acetate 2 8 13 c propylene 2 0 11 1 ia 108 c 0 28 458 c propylene oxide 2 9 36 ia pyridine 2 12 20 c silane 1 5 8 98 ia 21 c styrene 1 1 6 1 ib 31 32 2 c 490 c tetrafluoroethylene ia tetrahydrofuran 2 12 ib 14 c 321 c toluene 1 2 1 27 6 75 7 1 ib 4 4 c 0 24 4 1 480 c 535 c 6 triethylborane 20 c 20 c trimethylamine ia flammable gas trinitrobenzene ia turpentine 0 8 29 ic 35 c vegetable oil iiib 327 c vinyl acetate 2 6 13 4 8 c vinyl chloride 3 6 33 xylenes 0 9 1 0 6 7 7 0 ic 27 32 c 0 2 m xylene 1 1 6 7 ic 25 c 525 c o xylene ic 17 c p xylene 1 0 6 0 ic 27 2 c 530 c note that for many chemicals it takes the least amount of ignition energy halfway between the lel and uel astm e681 edit image of a flame of r 32 difluoromethane near its lfl in a 12 l astm e 681 apparatus 27 in the u s the most common method of measuring lfls and ufls is astm e681 27 this standard test is required for hazmat class 2 gases and for determining refrigerant flammability classifications this standard uses visual observations of flame propagation in 5 or 12 l spherical glass vessels to measure the flammability limits flammable conditions are defined as those for which a flame propagates outside a 90 cone angle see also edit chemistry portal atex flammability limiting oxygen concentration minimum ignition energy references edit bee a börner m 2023 laminar burning speeds and flammability limits of ch4 o2 mixtures with varying n2 dilution at sub atmospheric conditions pdf combustion science and technology 195 8 taylor francis 1910 1929 doi 10 1080 00102202 2021 2006191 gases explosion and flammability concentration limits current intelligence bulletin 66 derivation of immediately dangerous to life or health idlh values pdf the national institute for occupational safety and health niosh november 2013 retrieved 11 february 2018 morrell robert w 1931 oil tankers second ed new york simmons boardman publishing company pp 305 306 britton l g using material data in static hazard assessment as found in nfpa 77 2007 appendix b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 working with modern hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents a guide to flammability archived june 1 2009 at the wayback machine american chemistry council solvents industry group pg 7 january 2008 matheson gas products matheson gas data book pdf p 443 archived from the original pdf on 30 september 2019 retrieved 30 october 2013 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 gases explosive and flammability concentration limits retrieved 9 september 2013 icsc 0018 n butyl mercaptan www inchem org retrieved 18 march 2018 2 hexanone icsc 0489 oit org retrieved 18 march 2018 ipcs intox site closed www intox org retrieved 18 march 2018 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 211 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 216 icsc 0425 cyclohexanone www inchem org retrieved 18 march 2018 msds cyclopentadiene ox ac uk archived from the original on 7 december 2010 retrieved 18 march 2018 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 221 icsc 0353 cyclopentane www inchem org retrieved 18 march 2018 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 226 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 244 walsh 1989 chemical safety data sheets roy soc chem cambridge encyclopedia airliquide com pdf archived from the original pdf on 26 may 2020 retrieved 25 june 2023 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 266 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 281 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 286 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 296 yaws carl l braker william matheson gas data book published by mcgraw hill professional 2001 pg 301 1 2 3 kim dennis k klieger alexandra e lomax peter q mccoy conor g reymann jonathan y sunderland peter b 14 september 2018 an improved test method for refrigerant flammability limits in a 12 l vessel science and technology for the built environment 24 8 861 866 bibcode 2018stbe 24 861k doi 10 1080 23744731 2018 1434381 issn 2374 4731 s2cid 139489210 periodic table of elements hydrogen h environmentalchemistry com environmentalchemistry com retrieved 18 march 2018 combustibles pdf afcintl com archived from the original pdf on 3 march 2016 retrieved 18 march 2018 further reading edit david r lide editor in chief crc handbook of chemistry and physics 72nd edition crc press boca raton florida 1991 isbn 0 8493 0565 9 v t e fire protection fundamental concepts backdraft boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion bleve boilover combustibility and flammability conflagration dangerous goods hazmat deflagration detonation dust explosion enthalpy of vaporization explosive fire classification fire control fire loading fire point fire triangle flammability diagram flammability limit flammable liquid flashover flash point friction loss gas leak heat transfer jet fire k factor fire protection pool fire pyrolysis spontaneous combus...