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learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 types 2 dangers 3 indicators 4 flashover prevention 5 flashover vs backdraft 6 examples 7 see also 8 references 9 external links toggle the table of contents flashover 18 languages العربية català čeština deutsch ελληνικά español eesti français italiano 日本語 한국어 nederlands norsk bokmål polski svenska ไทย türkçe 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia rapid ignition of combustible material in an enclosed area for other uses see flashover disambiguation and electric arc simulation of a flashover event in a controlled environment a flashover is the near simultaneous ignition of most of the directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area when certain organic materials are heated they undergo thermal decomposition and release flammable gases flashover occurs when the majority of the exposed surfaces in a space are heated to their autoignition temperature and emit flammable gases see also flash point a small flame can reach flashover in 3 5 minutes 1 flashover normally occurs at between 500 c 932 f and 600 c 1 112 f for ordinary combustibles and an incident heat flux at floor level of 20 kilowatts per square metre 2 5 hp sq ft jargon flashover typically occurs between the growth stage and fully developed stage of a fire this phenomenon is caused by various heat transfer mechanisms such as radiation convection and conduction which lead to a sudden increase of temperature within the compartment an example of flashover is the ignition of a piece of furniture in a domestic room the fire involving the initial piece of furniture can produce a layer of hot smoke which spreads across the ceiling in the room the hot buoyant smoke layer grows in depth as it is bounded by the walls of the room the radiated heat from this layer heats the surfaces of the directly exposed combustible materials in the room causing them to give off flammable gases via pyrolysis when the temperatures of the evolved gases become high enough these gases will ignite throughout their extent 2 in october 2013 the fire department of oak ridge tennessee filmed a controlled demonstration of a flashover fire and uploaded it to the video sharing platform youtube for educational purposes 3 the description of the video emphasizes the importance of a home escape plan 4 in saving lives types edit a lean flashover sometimes called rollover is the ignition of the gas layer under the ceiling leading to total involvement of the compartment the air fuel ratio is at the bottom region of the flammability range i e lean a rich flashover occurs when the flammable gases are ignited while at the upper region of the flammability range i e rich this can happen in rooms where the fire subsided because of lack of oxygen the ignition source can be a smouldering object or the stirring up of embers by the air track such an event is known as backdraft a delayed flashover occurs when the colder gray smoke cloud ignites after congregating outside of its room of origin this results in a volatile situation and if the ignition occurs at the ideal mixture the result can be a violent smoke gas explosion this is referred to as smoke explosion or fire gas ignition depending on the severity of the combustion process a hot rich flashover occurs when the hot smoke with flammable gas ratio above the upper limit of flammability range and temperature higher than the ignition temperature leaves the compartment upon dilution with air it can spontaneously ignite and the resultant flame can propagate back into the compartment resulting in an event similar to a rich flashover the common definition of this process is known as auto ignition which is another form of fire gas ignition dangers edit firefighters perform flashover training to enhance their understanding and response skills flashover is one of the most feared phenomenon among firefighters firefighters have roughly 7 10 seconds to escape a flashover before ppe fails resulting in serious injury or more likely death 5 6 firefighters are taught to recognize the signs of imminent rollovers and flashovers and to avoid backdrafts for example there are certain routines for opening closed doors to buildings and compartments on fire known as door entry procedures ensuring fire crew safety where possible indicators edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources flashover news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2016 learn how and when to remove this message firefighters are trained to recognize the signs that a flashover may be imminent some common indicators may include thick dark turbulent smoke the neutral plane is moving down towards the floor in this situation a flashover is plausible all directly exposed combustible materials are showing signs of pyrolysis rollover or tongues of fire appear as gases reach their auto ignition temperatures there is a rapid build up or spike in temperature due to the compound effect of rapidly burning i e deflagrating gases and the thermal cycle they produce this is generally the best indication of a flashover 7 the fire is in a ventilated compartment so there is no shortage of oxygen in the room citation needed a sudden increase in temperature is often the most reliable sign of flashover 8 firefighters memorize a chant to help remember these during training thick dark smoke high heat rollover free burning citation needed the color of the smoke is often considered as well but there is no connection between the color of the smoke and the risk of flashovers traditionally black dense smoke was considered particularly dangerous but history shows this to be an unreliable indicator for example a fire that occurred in a rubber mattress factory in london in 1975 produced white smoke and was not considered dangerous so firefighters decided to ventilate which caused a smoke explosion and killed two firefighters the white smoke from the pyrolysis of the rubber turned out to be extremely flammable citation needed flashover prevention edit prevention of flashover is a crucial objective for successful fire attack application of water to the ceiling where the hottest gases are coordinated ventilation situational awareness and understanding building construction play a very large role in preventing flashover citation needed flashover vs backdraft edit flashover and backdraft are two very distinct phenomena that occur on the fire ground however they are often confused flashover is heat driven causing violent results when conditions are reached backdraft is oxygen driven happening when an influx of oxygen is rapidly introduced to a oxygen depleted environment with unburned super heated gases resulting in a violent explosion 9 examples edit during the 1942 cocoanut grove fire in boston massachusetts which resulted in 492 fatalities a sudden flashover occurred when superheated flammable gases trapped in enclosed ceiling spaces spontaneously ignited and raced through the nightclub 10 several tragic flashovers have occurred in history including the luoyang christmas fire in china in 2000 which claimed 309 lives the beverly hills supper club fire in southgate kentucky in 1977 resulting in 165 fatalities 11 and the dupont plaza hotel arson in san juan puerto rico on new year s eve in december 1986 which killed 98 people on valentine s night in 1981 48 young people lost their lives in a fire at the stardust nightclub in artane dublin 12 a flashover during a new year s eve fire at a bar in crans montana switzerland in 2026 resulted in 41 fatalities 13 14 during the 2003 station nightclub fire in west warwick rhode island which resulted in the loss of 100 lives flashover conditions occurred approximately 90 seconds after ignition 15 according to brian meacham a fire safety engineering professor at lund university in sweden almost every year somewhere in the world a major nightclub fire leads to significant loss of life due to a combination of factors the presence of combustible sound insulation tightly packed spaces inadequate egress routes and the lack of sprinkler systems 16 see also edit air canada flight 797 burning of parliament 1834 flashover seen 20 miles 32 km away charleston sofa super store fire firestorm kilbirnie street fire 1972 king s cross fire 1987 flashover happened in escalator shaft mgm grand fire 1980 saudia flight 163 stardust fire 1981 ufa train disaster 1989 caused by massive gas leak in the open air triggered by sparks from trains brakes 2026 crans montana bar fire 2026 references edit prepare your community for increased fire risks u s fire administration retrieved 6 april 2026 understanding flashover fire engineering 22 june 2010 retrieved 21 august 2023 oakridgefd 10 october 2013 flashover demonstration youtube retrieved 5 january 2026 home fire escape planning national fire protection association retrieved 5 january 2026 flashover know when it s time to get out firerescue1 30 october 2024 retrieved 6 april 2026 legend fireman 1 may 2025 understanding flashover dynamics and prevention strategies for firefighters fire training toolbox retrieved 6 april 2026 guidance nfcc cpo www ukfrs com archived from the original on 9 october 2020 retrieved 6 october 2020 flashover know when it s time to get out firerescue1 30 october 2024 retrieved 6 april 2026 galgalya 23 april 2018 rollovers flashovers and backdrafts skysaver rescue backpacks skysaver rescue retrieved 6 april 2026 cocoanut grove fire encyclopaedia britannica carroll jim 2007 beverly hills fire led to safer buildings in kentucky columbia magazine stardust fire inquest 48 young people unlawful killed london fire consultant stockwell billy 2 january 2026 the swiss ski resort blaze quickly developed into a flashover authorities say here s what that means cnn death toll from crans montana bar fire rises to 41 retrieved 8 february 2026 the station nightclub fire 2003 national institute of standards and technology 3 june 2011 flashover which caused swiss bar new year s day inferno explained sunday independent 4 january 2026 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to flashover living room flashover video rapid fire progress flashover related fire development realistic hot fire training to deal safely with flashover and backdraft flashover backdraft training presentation and video of a flashover in a living room forschungsstelle für brandschutztechnik karlsruhe institute of technology kit flashover training croatia french site about structural firefighting flashover during house fire in baltimore md video taken january 2010 flashover slow motion flashover during training burn christmas tree fire turns devastating and deadly within seconds training scenario with wooden prop mock dorm room burn sprinklered vs non sprinklered firefighter bailout during flashover v t e fire protection fundamental concepts backdraft boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion bleve boilover combustibility and flammability conflagration dangerous goods hazmat deflagration detonation dust explosion enthalpy of vaporization explosive fire classification fire control fire loading fire point fire triangle flammability diagram flammability limit flammable liquid flashover flash point friction loss gas leak heat transfer jet fire k factor fire protection pool fire pyrolysis spontaneous combustion structure fire thermal radiation water pressure technology active fire protection automatic fire suppression condensed aerosol fire suppression detonation flame arrester external water spray system fire bucket fire prevention fire protection fire retardant fire retardant fabric fire retardant gel fire safe polymers fire safety fire sprinkler system fire suppression system firefighting foam flame arrester flame retardant flashback arrestor fusible link gaseous fire suppression hypoxic air technology for fire prevention inerting system intumescent passive fire protection personal protective equipment ppe relief valve spark arrestor tank blanketing vehicle fire suppression system building design annulus firestop area of refuge booster pump compartmentation crash bar electromagnetic door holder electromagnetic lock emergency exit emergency light exit sign fire curtain fire cut fire damper fire door fire escape fire extinguisher fire hose fire hydrant fire pump fire sprinkler firestop firestop pillow firewall construction grease duct heat and smoke vent packing firestopping penetrant mechanical electrical or structural penetration firestop pressurisation ductwork safety glass smoke control smoke damper smoke exhaust ductwork smokeproof enclosure standpipe firefighting fire alarm systems aspirating smoke detector carbon monoxide detector circuit integrity explosive gas leak detector fire alarm call box fire alarm control panel fire alarm notification appliance fire drill flame detector heat detector manual fire alarm activation smoke detector professions trades and services duct cleaning fire insurance fire protection engineering fireproofing fire resistance rating fire safety evaluation system fses fire test kitchen exhaust cleaning listing and approval use and compliance sprinkler fitting industry organizations institution of fire engineers ife national council of examiners for engineering and surveying ncees national fire protection association nfpa society of fire protection engineers sfpe underwriters laboratories ul standards ce marking en 3 en 54 en 16034 flame spread ghs hazard statements ghs precautionary statements life safety code nfpa 101 list of r phrases list of s phrases safety data sheet ul 94 awards arthur b guise medal harry c bigglestone award see also template fire template firefighting template hvac category commons retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title flashover oldid 1368823418 categories combustion fire protection firefighting thermodynamics types of fire hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from january 2026 all articles that are too technical wikipedia articles that are too technical from april 2024 all articles needing expert attention articles needing expert attention from april 2024 articles needing additional references from august 2016 all articles needing additional references all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from july 2013...