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flora wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 etymology 2 classifications 3 documentation 4 see also 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents flora 85 languages alemannisch العربية asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski català کوردی čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch zazaki ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi võro français galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia interlingue ilokano íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 kurdî кыргызча latina limburgs lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu nāhuatl nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan picard polski پنجابی português română русский русиньскый davvisámegiella srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 მარგალური 閩南語 bân lâm gí 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia plant species in a given region for other uses see flora disambiguation this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources flora news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2009 learn how and when to remove this message simplified schematic of an island s flora all its plant species highlighted in boxes flora pl floras or florae is all the plant life present in a particular region or time generally the naturally occurring indigenous native plants the corresponding term for animals is fauna and for fungi it is funga 1 sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora as in the terms gut flora or skin flora for purposes of specificity 2 3 4 etymology edit the word flora comes from the latin name of flora the goddess of plants flowers and fertility in roman mythology 5 6 the technical term flora is then derived from a metonymy of this goddess at the end of the sixteenth century it was first used in poetry to denote the natural vegetation of an area but soon also assumed the meaning of a work cataloguing such vegetation moreover flora was used to refer to the flowers of an artificial garden in the seventeenth century 7 the distinction between vegetation the general appearance of a community and flora the taxonomic composition of a community was first made by jules thurmann 1849 prior to this the two terms were used interchangeably 8 9 classifications edit plants are grouped into floras based on region floristic regions period special environment or climate regions can be distinct habitats like mountain vs flatland floras can mean plant life of a historic era as in fossil flora lastly floras may be subdivided by special environments native flora the native and indigenous flora of an area agricultural and horticultural flora garden flora the plants that are deliberately grown by humans weed flora traditionally this classification was applied to plants regarded as undesirable and studied in efforts to control or eradicate them today the designation is less often used as a classification of plant life since it includes three different types of plants weedy species invasive species that may or may not be weedy and native and introduced non weedy species that are agriculturally undesirable many native plants previously considered weeds have been shown to be beneficial or even necessary to various ecosystems documentation edit the botanical continents of the world geographical scheme for recording plant distributions used for classifying floras geographically main article flora publication floristic regions in europe according to wolfgang frey and rainer lösch the flora of a particular area or time period can be documented in a publication also known as a flora often capitalized as flora to distinguish the two meanings when they might be confused floras may require specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness traditionally they are books but some are now published on cd rom or websites simon paulli s flora danica of 1648 is probably the first book titled flora to refer to the plant world of a certain region it mainly describes medicinal plants growing in denmark the flora sinensis by the polish jesuit michał boym is another early example of a book titled flora 10 however despite its title it covered not only plants but also some animals of the region that is china and india 7 a published flora often contains diagnostic keys often these are dichotomous keys which require the user to examine a plant repeatedly and decide which one of two alternatives given best applies to the plant see also edit biome a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities fauna fauna and flora preservation society funga a term equivalent to flora for fungi herbal horticultural flora megaflora pharmacopoeia the plant list vegetation a general term for the plant life of a region world flora online categories flora by continent flora by country flora by ecoregion flora by floristic kingdom references edit kuhar francisco furci giuliana drechsler santos elisandro ricardo pfister donald h december 2018 delimitation of funga as a valid term for the diversity of fungal communities the fauna flora funga proposal ff f ima fungus 9 2 a71 a74 doi 10 1007 bf03449441 hdl 11336 88035 issn 2210 6359 flora merriam webster archived from the original on 2006 04 30 retrieved 2006 05 03 clifford e starliper rita villella patricia morrison jay mathais sampling the bacterial flora of freshwater mussels pdf archived pdf from the original on 2016 02 01 retrieved 2014 01 02 john d m whitton b a brook a j 2002 the freshwater algal flora of the british isles an identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae cambridge university press isbn 9780521770514 daly kathleen n 2009 greek and roman mythology a to z revised by marian rengel 3rd ed new york chelsea house publishers isbn 978 1604134124 flora inside the secret world of plants great britain penguin random house october 2018 isbn 9780241254806 1 2 berrens dominik 2019 03 21 the meaning of flora humanistica lovaniensia journal of neo latin studies 68 1 237 249 doi 10 30986 2019 237 issn 2593 3019 thurmann j 1849 essai de phytostatique appliqué à la chaîne du jura et aux contrées voisines berne jent et gassmann archived 2017 10 02 at the wayback machine martins f r batalha m a 2011 formas de vida espectro biológico de raunkiaer e fisionomia da vegetação in felfili j m eisenlohr p v fiuza de melo m m r andrade l a meira neto j a a org fitossociologia no brasil métodos e estudos de caso vol 1 viçosa editora ufv p 44 85 archived 2016 09 24 at the wayback machine earlier version 2003 archived 2016 08 27 at the wayback machine flora sinensis archived 2010 02 06 at the wayback machine access to the facsimile of the book its french translation and an article about it external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to flora efloras a collection of on line floras chilebosque checklist of chilean native flora archived 2011 06 09 at the wayback machine flora of nw europe with descriptions and a quiz to test your knowledge flora of australia online flora of new zealand series online e flora of kerala by n sasidharan v t e elements of nature universe space time energy matter chemical elements particles change earth earth science history geological structure geology plate tectonics oceans gaia hypothesis future weather meteorology atmosphere earth climate clouds moonlight rain snow sunlight tides wind tornado tropical cyclone natural environment ecology ecosystem field radiation wilderness wildfires life origin abiogenesis evolutionary history biosphere hierarchy biology astrobiology biodiversity organism eukaryota fauna animals flora plants fungi protista prokaryotes archaea bacteria viruses see also nature based solutions v t e botany history outline subdisciplines archaeobotany astrobotany bryology dendrology ethnobotany paleobotany phycology phytochemistry phytogeography geobotany plant anatomy plant ecology plant intelligence plant pathology plant physiology plant groups algae archaeplastida bryophyte non vascular plants vascular plants fern lycophyte spermatophytes gymnosperm angiosperm plant anatomy plant morphology glossary plant cells cell wall phragmoplast plastid plasmodesma vacuole tissues cork ground tissue mesophyll meristem storage organs vascular tissue vascular bundle wood vegetative bulb root rhizoid rhizome shoot bud leaf cataphyll petiole sessility stem reproductive incl flower archegonium antheridium androecium pollen stamen anther filament staminode tapetum flower aestivation flower development floral diagram floral formula floral symmetry whorl fruit anatomy berry capsule nut pyrena seed dispersal endosperm gametophyte gynandrium gynoecium carpel ovary locule ovule stigma style hypanthium floral cup inflorescence bract pedicellate raceme umbel perianth tepal petal sepal plant embryo receptacle sporophyll sporophyte surface structures cuticle epicuticular wax epidermis nectar stoma thorns spines and prickles trichome plant physiology materials aleurone apical dominance bulk flow cellulose nutrition photosynthesis chlorophyll phytomelanin plant hormones respiration gas exchange cellular respiration sap starch sugar transpiration turgor pressure plant growth and habit habit cushion plants rosettes shrubs prostrate shrubs subshrubs succulent plants trees vines lianas herbaceous plants secondary growth woody plants reproduction evolution ecology alternation of generations double fertilization evolutionary development evolutionary history timeline flora germination pollination artificial pollinators pollen tube self sporangium microsporangia microspore megasporangium megaspore spore plant taxonomy biological classification botanical nomenclature botanical name correct name author citation international code of nomenclature icn icn for cultivated plants icncp cultivated plant taxonomy citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar group grex history of plant systematics herbarium international association for plant taxonomy iapt plant taxonomy systems taxonomic rank practice agronomy floriculture forestry horticulture phytochemical lists related botanical terms botanists by author abbreviation botanical expeditions individual trees oldest trees superlative trees tallest trees plants category authority control databases national czech republic spain israel other historical dictionary of switzerland retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title flora oldid 1349800379 categories flora botanical nomenclature ecology terminology habitat organisms hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from august 2009 all articles needing additional references webarchive template wayback links commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 19 april 2026 at 00 25 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a 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