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harbor fort amsterdam had a garrison of 250 men with only 24 pieces of artillery supplies were limited and food was in short supply precluding any chance of enduring a prolonged siege after surrounding the fort with ships and landed soldiers nicolls demanded the dutch surrender of the colony and fort amsterdam which at the time was almost useless as a defense against a professional army and navy although peter stuyvesant the director of new netherland with his guns in place and ready to fire was prepared to fight 50 prominent city residents including stuyvesant s son balthazar hendrick kip and reverend megapolensis all of whom signed a formal remonstrance persuaded stuyvesant to stand down in the face of overwhelming odds 51 52 on september 8 stuyvesant raised the white flag of surrender 53 and subsequently after much protest and deliberation he signed the colony over without any blood shed during the second anglo dutch war at the behest of the james ii duke of york nicoll s was appointed governor whose objective was to oversee the occupation of the dutch colony and establish government 54 55 as the first governor of the province of new york nicoll s was greeted cordially by the dutch and civic authorities whom he allowed to keep their offices and other stations under the previous rule of the west india company and their appointed governors the rulership was autocratic it denied basic rights of the people that were enjoyed in holland the motherland while it favored the aristocratic class with grants of land and other special favors 54 56 57 as a result the new english government was well received by most of the citizens who were well rooted in dutch and england culture and ideology countries with strong democratic principles derived from the great privilege and the magna carta both documents of catholic origin 53 the official capitulation of new amsterdam to the english occurred on september 6 1664 58 nichols first official act was to rename the city from new amsterdam to new york in recognition of james s title as duke of york while the fort was renamed fort james in honor of james ii of england 59 60 designed primarily as a defense against indians 61 the fort was considered almost useless for guarding the entry to the hudson river or repelling a military siege and subsequently in 1684 a battery was erected at the southernmost shore of the island and fitted out with artillery 62 in 1668 nicolls resigned the governorship and returned to england where he resumed his service to the duke of york 56 he was replaced as governor by francis lovelace on 28 august 1668 63 h dutch rule 1673 1674 edit main article dutch raid on north america beginning in the spring of 1672 the third anglo dutch war broke out the following year two dutch fleets commanded by admiral cornelis evertsen i aboard the flagship swaenenburgh j and commodore jacob binckes had combined their fleets and were plundering english shipping in the caribbean and chesapeake bay before they arrived at fort james on 7 august 1673 which was evertsen s ultimate objective before he departed holland 67 68 which at the time was almost defenseless in the face of such a force the fleet consisting of twenty three ships carrying 1 600 men was alarming to acting captain sheriff john manning who was left in command while lovelace was away visiting governor winthrop at hartford the fort at this time only had a garrison of no more than 80 men with only 30 36 guns mounted along its walls manning tried in vain to summon reinforcements from nearby towns and made attempts to forestall the eminent recapture of fort james 69 70 68 before the arrival of the dutch fleet the dutch burghers and 400 dutch colonists had grown impatient and resentful with english rulership as their appeals for rights and liberties were constantly ignored and conveyed this sentiment to the dutch upon their arrival 70 manning sent an envoy of three men from the fort to admiral evertsen s ship with a message asking why the dutch had arrived in such a hostile manner evertsen replied that they had come to take back what he felt was rightfully theirs the envoy then insisted that they see evertsen s commission where he replied that it was stuck in the barrel of his cannon and that the english would see it soon enough if they did not surrender the fort subsequently the next day the dutch fleet exchanged broadsides with the fort for about four hours while anthony colve commander of marines landed 600 men on the west side of manhattan island and on 30 july 1673 forced the english garrison into surrendering the fort 71 72 73 k on august 2 with new amsterdam once again under dutch rule the council of war appointed colve as military governor general of the province and fort orange who in turn appointed cornelius steenwyk as councillor of state with executive privileges 75 76 l in 1674 the fort and new orange were turned back over to the english in the treaty of westminster 1674 which included a provision that the colony of new netherland be returned to england which ended the war the dutch got suriname the fort was officially renamed fort willem hendrick in honor of william iii of england who was stadtholder and prince of orange and changed the name from new orange back to new york 77 78 79 english rule 1674 1689 edit after the treaty was secured the english once again named the area new york and returned the fort james name edmund andros was appointed governor and served from 9 february 1674 to 18 april 1683 80 81 on 10 november 1674 andros received the surrender of the town while their religious and other rights and property were not lost or compromised 82 83 in september 1682 james lord proprietor of the province of new york appointed thomas dongan 2nd earl of limerick an irishman and staunch catholic who had arrived at new york on 25 august 1683 as vice admiral in the navy and provincial governor 1683 1688 to replace edmund andros 84 85 dongan organized the first representative assembly of new york province at fort james on 14 october 1683 86 dongan had served in the french army for many years which made him familiar with french customs and diplomacy his service in the low countries had given him a first hand knowledge of the dutch language 87 upon his arrival dongan was not very impressed with new york which at the time was a small town and likewise had the same regard for the fort which after he inspected it said its walls could be battered down by artillery in an hour 88 on the face of the gate to the fort was a faded emblem of the coat of arms of the duke of york here dongan turned and bowed to the cheering crowd and entered the fort he was greeted by captain anthony brockholls the acting governor of the province of new york and commander of the fort who was accompanied by a company of regular infantry brockholls exclaimed to dongan that he had great difficulty maintaining order and that he was relieved over his arrival 89 at the time of his appointment the province was bankrupt and in a state of rebellion dongan was able to restore order and stability colonist rule 1689 1691 edit in 1689 following the glorious revolution english revolution of 1688 in which william and mary acceded to the throne 90 german born colonist jacob leisler seized fort james in what was called leisler s rebellion replacing deposed francis nicholson who had fled new york city leisler arrived at new amsterdam from england in 1660 a penniless soldier of the east india company he started out in the trade business and soon married a rich merchant s widow and by 1689 he achieved prosperity and respectability 91 as acting governor of new york 92 he represented the common people against a group of wealthy leaders represented by pieter stuyvesant and others and enacted a government of direct popular representation as well as bringing reform to the many governmental provisions that previously existed 93 94 the people appealed to stuyvesant to capitulate and accept the generous offers leisler was providing as they had already endured corruption abuse and other hardships under the previous rulership 92 at the direction of governor henry sloughter leisler and ten others were eventually arrested and imprisoned at the fort after a long and involved trial leissler along with jacob milborne were found guilty of treason and executed on 16 may 1691 95 96 97 m british rule 1691 1775 edit leisler s rule ended in 1691 when british sovereign william s new governor appointed in 1690 finally reached new york the fort had earlier been named for willem when he was head of the dutch government he became the sovereign of the english government by the overthrow of king james ii in the glorious revolution the fort was renamed fort william henry in honor of the new protestant king 100 governor hunter was replaced by william burnet who arrived at manhattan on 16 september 1720 rather than calling for elections for a new assembly as was customary burnet summoned the standing provincial assembly with whom he found favor to meet at fort george where it voted for revenues to sustain the government for the following five years the assembly also prohibited any trading of indian goods with the french which greatly compromised the business interests of new york s merchants 101 102 in 1756 john campbell earl of loudoun was appointed commander of all english forces in north america prompted by the loss of fort oswego during the french and indian war he sent one thousand regulars to strategically located new york city for winter quarters the old barracks in fort george were prepared for them while the fort underwent repairs and major improvements to its structure to aid in the defense of the harbor a good number of heavy cannon were also added to the battery and other strategic locations near the fort 103 104 view of fort george from the harbor map of new york city 1767 prelude to the revolution edit fort george became the target of american riots following parliament s passage of the stamp act on 4 march 1765 the first shipment of stamps for new york and connecticut arrived at new york on 23 october 1765 105 the ships were confronted by some 2000 angry colonists subsequently the stamps had to be quietly unloaded in the middle of the night and brought into fort george which at the time had a garrison of only 200 regulars on october 31 the day before the stamp act was to be enforced thousands of colonists took to the streets as a precaution british authorities beforehand had the guns at the battery spiked along with any not inside the fort making them inoperable 106 the protests agitation and violence over the stamp act reached a climax from november 1 3 as a result of the arrival of the stamps brought to and held at fort george 107 cadwallader colden the acting governor of the province of new york from 1763 to 1765 was residing at the fort at the time but admitted that he had no real authority outside its gates 108 on 1 november 1765 the garrison was put on alert and manned the walls of the fort and was soon greeted by the approaching colonists a courier emerged from the crowd and approached the gate bearing a message for cadwallader which he handed to the sentry addressed to cadwallader specifically its message was the culmination of over a year s frustration and anger over the proposed imposition of the stamp act which ultimately gave cadwallader now 77 years of age an ultimatum threatening in pointed language that he not participate in the enforcement of the stamp act 109 reports of violent riots occurring in newport boston and elsewhere continued to reach cadwallader s desk jared ingersoll stamp agent from connecticut and william franklin governor of new jersey under extreme pressure not to enforce the stamp act had their supplies of stamped paper transported to fort george for safe keeping 110 during the early morning hours of november 2 engineers and workers worked earnestly to strengthen the fort 111 artillery office major thomas james was in command of the fort who later testified before parliament that he could have killed more than 900 of the rioters but added that had he done so the colonists could in little time have amassed 50 000 fighting men from new york alone and that there would have been no chance in holding the fort general gage later said that had the colonists been fired on the revolution would have begun that year 112 colden concerned that fort george had an inadequate garrison requested reinforcements which general gage provided while james brought new cannons to the fort the fort also provided a safe haven for several stamp masters including zachariah hood from maryland who at the invitation of colden had fled to the fort to escape the wrath of the sons of liberty and other angry colonists 108 110 in the face of growing numbers of angry colonists general gage and the governor s council wanting to spare new york s loyalist families from what seemed like imminent ruin insisted that colden strike a compromise and surrender the stamped paper after initially delaying colden now acting as an official stamp distributor knowing he could not stand alone on matters ultimately convinced the common council to pay for all surrendered and destroyed stamps 113 114 the subsequent surrender of the stamps brought calm to the city while new york s colonial newspapers called for peace after calm returned to the city colden s political adversaries blamed him for the mishap and ultimately had his governorship replaced by sir henry moore in the effort to maintain peace and restore order to the city moore had met with the influential isaac sears a leader of the sons of liberty and others and shortly thereafter opened the gates of the fort and invited everyone in 115 116 117 colonist rule 1775 1776 edit in the american revolution the colonists under george washington seized the fort in 1775 118 before the colonies formally seceded from the british empire during the battle of long island guns from the fort engaged british frigates starting on 12 july 1776 on july 12 the british ships hms phoenix and hms rose with a few smaller vessels in attendance sailed from staten island and began moving into the mouth of the hudson river prompting alarm guns to sound in new york the cannons from batteries at red hook and governors island commenced firing at the small british fleet artillery fire also commenced from fort george under the command of new york artillery captain alexander hamilton who at the time was nineteen but had little effect 119 fearing that the british capture of the fort was eminent hamilton and his artillery teams hauled off more than ten cannons shortly before a barge from hms asia approached and fired on the fort and its vicinity 120 in september 1776 under the command of henry clinton the british made a landing at kip s bay and soon recaptured fort george along with lower manhattan forcing general washington and his army to retreat north and eventually into new je...