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absence lernoult took steps to strengthen detroit s defences he began construction of a substantial redoubt on the high ground overlooking the stockaded town assisted by many of the inhabitants the soldiers of the garrison dug ditches and erected an earthwork fortification of four half bastions surmounted by a palisade work was completed in april 1779 and the fortification was given the name fort lernoult later in the war a palisade was constructed that enclosed the area between the fort and the town 25 in may 1778 brigadier general lachlan mcintosh was given command of the western department of the continental army he was authorized by congress to launch an expedition against detroit however was only assigned two continental regiments roughly 250 men mcintosh departed fort pitt on october 23 established fort mcintosh at the confluence of the ohio and beaver rivers and began construction of fort laurens on the tuscarawas river in mid november due to a shortage of provisions mcintosh decided to return to fort pitt leaving the 11th virginia regiment to garrison the fort that winter the garrison suffered greatly from a lack of food and warm clothing 26 lernoult dispatched captain henry bird of the 8th regiment and a small number of regulars to attack fort laurens bird recruited a few hundred wyandot and mingo warriors from the sandusky area and began a siege on february 22 1779 due to the harsh winter conditions bird lifted the siege a month later and withdrew back to detroit shortly before american reinforcements arrived daniel brodhead who had replaced mcintosh as commander of the western department decided that fort lauren s location was untenable and ordered the fort abandoned 26 brodhead proposed an attack on detroit for later that year however abandoned his plan in favour of an expedition up the allegheny river in support of the sullivan expedition 27 in response to news of hamilton s capture and in anticipation of an american campaign against detroit a company of butler s rangers and a detachment of the 47th regiment of foot was sent to augment the garrison on 1 november 1779 major arent depeyster who had previously commanded at michilimackinac succeeded captain lernolt as fort detroit s commander 28 in may 1780 depeyster ordered an expedition against american forces at the falls of the ohio louisville he choose captain bird to lead the force of 150 soldiers from the 8th regiment 47th regiment royal artillery and detroit militia accompanied by 100 lakes nations warriors at the confluence of the ohio and great miami rivers bird rendezvoused with alexander mckee of the british indian department who had recruited several hundred warriors from the ohio country although bird s orders were to proceed to the falls of the ohio he was overruled by his indigenous allies who preferred to attack the isolated settlements on the licking river in late june bird s expedition destroyed the fortified settlements of ruddle s fort and martin s station a number of non combatants were killed or wounded at ruddle s fort when the indigenous warriors ignored the terms of surrender and took most of the inhabitants captive 29 bird reported to depeyster that the indigenous auxiliaries rush d in tore the poor children from their mothers breasts killed a wounded man and every one of the cattle 30 bird was able to prevent a repeat when martin s station surrendered however both forts were plundered and burned afterwards bird s regulars and militia escorted about 150 men women and children to detroit arriving there in early august of the 200 250 prisoners taken by the indigenous auxiliaries most were brought to detroit but a number were killed en route in what historian russell mahan has called a death march a few others mostly young women and children were held captive until the end of the war and in some cases for years afterwards 29 late in 1780 george rogers clark began to plan an expedition against detroit for the summer of 1781 supported by thomas jefferson clark hoped to raise 2 000 volunteers from western virginia and pennsylvania however most of the militia in virginia were unwilling to participate in a lengthy expedition due to the threat of raids against their homes at fort pitt brodhead refused to commit any continental soldiers as he was in the process of staging a campaign against the lenape delaware 31 few pennsylvanians were willing to participate in an expedition headed by a virginian due to lingering resentment over a recently settled border dispute an exception was colonel archibald lochry commander of the westmoreland militia who raised 107 volunteers for the campaign 32 when depeyster became aware of clark s planned expedition he dispatched andrew thompson s company of butler s rangers to the wyandot town of upper sandusky while indian department officials began to gather indigenous auxiliaries in mid august mohawk war leader joseph brant who had been sent to detroit led about 90 iroquois shawnee and wyandot warriors to the confluence of the great miami and ohio rivers 33 joseph brant ambushes archibald lochry and his volunteers on the ohio river in early august clark set out by boat down the ohio river from wheeling intending for lochry to rendezvous with him en route brant realized that he had insufficient men to attack clark as the expedition floated past however learned that lochry was not far behind on august 24 lochry landed his party on the north bank of the ohio and was ambushed 37 americans were killed including lochry and 64 were captured on august 27 brant rendezvoused with thompson and alexander mckee who had brought with him several hundred warriors brant thompson and mckee set off in pursuit of clark however the combined force dispersed in early september upon learning that clark had called off his campaign 33 in the spring of 1782 colonel william crawford a former continental army officer led about 500 volunteers in a campaign against the indigenous villages along the sandusky river on june 4 as the expedition approached the wyandot village of upper sandusky they were met by a mixed force of wyandot lenape delaware lakes indians and william caldwell s company of butler s rangers from detroit after a day of indecisive fighting the americans regrouped in a grove of trees that came to be known as battle island a large contingent of shawnee warriors arrived the next day fearing encirclement the americans retreated in disorder crawford and an unknown number of his volunteers were captured and later tortured to death by the lenape in retaliation for the gnadenhutten massacre 34 in august caldwell who had been wounded at sandusky led his company and roughly 300 indigenous auxiliaries across the ohio river and briefly besieged bryan station caldwell retreated as american reinforcements approached but successfully ambushed the pursuing militia at the battle of blue licks 35 in september 1782 in one of last military actions of the war captain andrew bradt s company of butler s rangers and roughly 250 indigenous warriors unsuccessfully besieged fort henry in what is now wheeling west virginia 36 northwest indian war edit news of the peace treaty between britain and the united states arrived in detroit on may 6 1783 depeyster who had recently been promoted to lieutenant colonel notified the various indigenous tribes that fort detroit had supported and began attempts to ransom captives still held by them 492 american prisoners held by the british at detroit were sent to montreal to be repatriated although the peace treaty placed detroit in the territory ceded to the united states depeyster received no orders to evacuate the fort when american indian commissioners visited detroit in july 1783 they were treated politely but no commitments were made to turn over the fort 28 plan of the town of detroit and fort lernoult britain held on to detroit fort niagara michilimackinac and a number of other outposts until 1796 the official reason was that the americans had failed to comply with portions of the treaty debts incurred to british merchants prior to the war were not being paid and the confiscation of loyalist properties continued unofficially britain wanted to retain control of the lucrative fur trade during this period the british maintained a strong military presence at detroit and continued policies that supported their indigenous allies during the northwest indian war the british indian department supplied muskets powder and lead to the northwestern confederacy that had formed in response to american encroachment on indigenous territory north of the ohio river there is evidence that some indian department agents such as simon girty participated in engagements against american forces while others served as advisors 37 following their successes against lieutenant colonel josiah harmar in 1790 and major general arthur st clair in 1791 the northwestern confederacy was decisively defeated by major general mad anthony wayne at the battle of fallen timbers in 1794 by the terms of the 1795 treaty of greenville the confederacy ceded most of the future state of ohio and significant portions of what would become the states of indiana illinois and michigan including the area encompassing detroit 38 on july 11 1796 under terms negotiated in the jay treaty the british relinquished detroit to the americans 13 years after the treaty of paris had ended the war the remaining vestiges of fort porchartrain were destroyed in the great fire of 1805 fort lernoult and a warehouse on the river were the only structures in detroit that survived the conflagration the americans referred to fort lernoult as fort detroit until after the war of 1812 when it was renamed fort shelby by 1827 the fort was no longer needed and was demolished 39 legacy edit hotel pontchartrain a 367 room 25 story hotel was built in the early 1960s on the site of fort pontchartrain the hotel was dedicated on july 24 1965 the 264th anniversary of the founding of detroit after several ownership and branding changes the hotel became fort pontchartrain a wyndham hotel in 2021 40 an earlier hotel pontchartrain was located on cadillac square at woodward avenue and opened in 1907 originally 10 stories an additional five stories were added in 1909 unable to compete with hotels of more modern design the hotel was sold in 1919 and demolished in 1920 41 a michigan historical commission marker for fort pontchartrain du détroit was erected in 1967 and is located at the southwest corner of washington boulevard and jefferson avenue 42 fort lernoult is commemorated by a michigan historical commission marker located at the intersection of shelby street and west fort street 43 references edit france portal north america portal history portal 1 2 zoltvany yves f 1982 laumet de lamothe cadillac antoine dictionary of canadian biography vol 2 university of toronto université laval retrieved july 1 2024 cadillac antoine de la mothe encyclopedia of 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measures thomas jefferson confronts the hair buyer journal of the american revolution retrieved october 15 2024 dunnigan brian leigh january 2012 fortress detroit 1701 1826 in skaggs david curtis nelson larry l eds sixty years war for the great lakes 1754 1814 michigan state university press pp 167 185 isbn 9781609172183 1 2 sterner eric 2019 the siege of fort laurens 1778 1779 journal of the american revolution retrieved october 14 2024 crytzer brady j 2015 allegheny burning george washington daniel brodhead and the battle of thompson s island journal of the american revolution retrieved october 14 2024 1 2 armour david a 1987 depeyster arent schulyer dictionary of canadian biography vol 6 university of toronto université laval retrieved october 22 2024 1 2 mahan russell 2020 the kentucky kidnappings and death march the revolutionary war at ruddell s fort and martin s station west haven utah historical enterprises isbn 978 1735644608 letter of captain henry bird to major arent s de peyster july 1 1780 histori...