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lly some traced their lineage back to the early dutch settlers of new york new netherland during the colonial era while others were descendants of french huguenots who settled in the british thirteen colonies escaping religious persecution in france 3 4 5 many of them were wealthy merchants lawyers and landowners historical founders edit thomas jefferson a key founding father was the primary author of the declaration of independence which pulitzer prize winning historian joseph ellis says contains the most potent and consequential words in u s history 6 the historian richard b morris s selection of seven key founders was widely accepted through the 20th century 7 8 john adams thomas jefferson and benjamin franklin were members of the committee of five that were charged by the second continental congress with drafting the declaration of independence franklin adams and john jay negotiated the 1783 treaty of paris which established american independence and brought an end to the american revolutionary war 9 the constitutions drafted by jay and adams for their respective states of new york 1777 and massachusetts 1780 proved influential in the language used in developing the u s constitution 10 11 12 the federalist papers which advocated the ratification of the constitution were written by alexander hamilton james madison and jay george washington was commander in chief of the continental army and later president of the constitutional convention 13 14 each of these men held additional important roles in the early government of the united states washington adams jefferson and madison served as the first four presidents adams and jefferson were the nation s first two vice presidents 15 jay was the nation s first chief justice 16 hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury 17 jefferson was the first secretary of state 18 19 and franklin was america s most senior diplomat from the start of the revolutionary war through its conclusion with the signing of the treaty of paris in 1783 20 the list of founding fathers is often expanded to include the signers of the declaration of independence and individuals who later approved the u s constitution 2 some scholars regard all delegates to the constitutional convention as founding fathers whether they approved the constitution or not 21 22 in addition some historians include signers of the articles of confederation which was adopted in 1781 as the nation s first constitution 23 historians have come to recognize others as founders such as revolutionary war military leaders as well as participants in developments leading up to the war including prominent writers orators and other men and women who contributed to cause 8 24 25 26 since the 19th century the founding fathers have shifted from the concept of them as demigods who created the modern nation state to take into account their inability to address issues such as slavery and the debt owed after the american revolutionary war 27 28 scholars emphasize that the founding fathers accomplishments and shortcomings be viewed within the context of their time 29 origin of phrase edit the phrase founding fathers was first introduced to americans by then us senator warren g harding in his keynote speech at the republican national convention of 1916 harding later repeated the phrase at his march 4 1921 presidential inauguration becoming the first president to use the term founding fathers 30 subsequent speakers adopted the term 31 the term fathers had long been used for the founders in 1811 responding to praise for his generation john adams wrote to a younger josiah quincy iii i ought not to object to your reverence for your fathers as you call them but to tell you a very great secret i have no reason to believe we were better than you are 32 he also wrote don t call me father or founder these titles belong to no man but to the american people in general 33 in thomas jefferson s second presidential inaugural address in 1805 he referred to those who first came to the new world as forefathers 34 at his 1825 inauguration john quincy adams called the u s constitution the work of our forefathers and expressed his gratitude to founders of the union 35 john adams and thomas jefferson both died on the same day july 4 1826 president j quincy adams paid tribute to them as fathers and founders of the republic 36 these terms were used in the u s throughout the 19th century from the inaugurations of martin van buren and james polk in 1837 and 1845 to abraham lincoln s cooper union speech in 1860 and his gettysburg address in 1863 and up to william mckinley s first inauguration in 1897 37 38 39 40 at a 1902 celebration of washington s birthday in brooklyn james m beck a constitutional lawyer and later a u s congressman delivered an address founders of the republic in which he connected the concepts of founders and fathers saying it is well for us to remember certain human aspects of the founders of the republic let me first refer to the fact that these fathers of the republic were for the most part young men 25 list of founding fathers edit framers and signers edit further information framers portraits and autograph signatures of the founding fathers who unanimously signed the declaration of independence at the second continental congress inside present day independence hall in philadelphia the national archives has identified three founding documents as the charters of freedom declaration of independence united states constitution and bill of rights according to the archives these documents have secured the rights of the american people for nearly two and a half centuries and are considered instrumental to the founding and philosophy of the united states 41 in addition as the nation s first constitution the articles of confederation and perpetual union is also a founding document 42 43 as a result signers of three key documents are generally considered to be founding fathers of the united states declaration of independence di 21 articles of confederation ac 23 and u s constitution usc 22 the following table provides a list of these signers some of whom signed more than one document name province state di 1776 ac 1777 usc 1787 andrew adams connecticut yes john adams massachusetts yes samuel adams yes yes thomas adams virginia yes abraham baldwin georgia yes john banister virginia yes josiah bartlett new hampshire yes yes richard bassett delaware yes gunning bedford jr yes john blair jr virginia yes william blount north carolina yes carter braxton virginia yes david brearley new jersey yes jacob broom delaware yes pierce butler south carolina yes charles carroll maryland yes daniel carroll yes yes samuel chase yes abraham clark new jersey yes william clingan pennsylvania yes george clymer yes yes john collins rhode island yes francis dana massachusetts yes jonathan dayton new jersey yes john dickinson delaware yes yes william henry drayton south carolina yes james duane new york yes william duer yes william ellery rhode island yes yes william few georgia yes thomas fitzsimons pennsylvania yes william floyd new york yes benjamin franklin pennsylvania yes yes elbridge gerry massachusetts yes yes nicholas gilman new hampshire yes nathaniel gorham massachusetts yes button gwinnett georgia yes lyman hall yes alexander hamilton new york yes john hancock massachusetts yes yes john hanson maryland yes cornelius harnett north carolina yes benjamin harrison v virginia yes john hart new jersey yes john harvie virginia yes joseph hewes north carolina yes thomas heyward jr south carolina yes yes samuel holten massachusetts yes william hooper north carolina yes stephen hopkins rhode island yes francis hopkinson new jersey yes titus hosmer connecticut yes samuel huntington yes yes richard hutson south carolina yes jared ingersoll pennsylvania yes william jackson south carolina yes thomas jefferson virginia yes daniel of st thomas jenifer maryland yes william samuel johnson connecticut yes rufus king massachusetts yes john langdon new hampshire yes edward langworthy georgia yes henry laurens south carolina yes francis lightfoot lee virginia yes yes richard henry lee yes yes francis lewis new york yes yes philip livingston yes william livingston new jersey yes james lovell massachusetts yes thomas lynch jr south carolina yes james madison virginia yes henry marchant rhode island yes john mathews south carolina yes james mchenry maryland yes thomas mckean delaware yes yes arthur middleton south carolina yes thomas mifflin pennsylvania yes gouverneur morris a new york yes pennsylvania yes lewis morris new york yes robert morris pennsylvania yes yes yes john morton yes thomas nelson jr virginia yes william paca maryland yes robert treat paine massachusetts yes william paterson new jersey yes john penn north carolina yes yes charles pinckney south carolina yes charles cotesworth pinckney yes george read delaware yes yes joseph reed pennsylvania yes daniel roberdeau yes caesar rodney delaware yes george ross pennsylvania yes benjamin rush yes edward rutledge south carolina yes john rutledge yes nathaniel scudder new jersey yes roger sherman connecticut yes yes yes james smith pennsylvania yes jonathan bayard smith yes richard dobbs spaight north carolina yes richard stockton new jersey yes thomas stone maryland yes george taylor pennsylvania yes edward telfair georgia yes matthew thornton new hampshire yes nicholas van dyke delaware yes george walton georgia yes john walton yes george washington virginia yes john wentworth jr new hampshire yes william whipple yes john williams north carolina yes william williams connecticut yes hugh williamson north carolina yes james wilson pennsylvania yes yes john witherspoon new jersey yes yes oliver wolcott connecticut yes yes george wythe virginia yes other delegates edit the 55 delegates who attended the constitutional convention are referred to as framers of these the 16 listed below did not sign the document 44 three refused while the remainder left early either in protest of the proceedings or for personal reasons 45 46 nevertheless some sources regard all framers as founders including those who did not sign 22 47 william richardson davie north carolina oliver ellsworth connecticut elbridge gerry massachusetts william houston new jersey william houstoun georgia john lansing jr new york alexander martin north carolina luther martin maryland george mason virginia james mcclurg virginia john francis mercer maryland william pierce georgia edmund randolph virginia caleb strong massachusetts george wythe virginia robert yates new york randolph mason and gerry were the only three present at the constitution s adoption who refused to sign additional founding fathers edit in addition to the signers and framers of the founding documents and one of the seven notable leaders previously mentioned john jay the following are regarded as founders based on their contributions to the creation and early development of the new nation elias boudinot new jersey representative in the continental congress congress of the confederation president 1782 1783 and the first three u s congresses boudinot was director of the u s mint under presidents washington adams and jefferson and also was the founding president of the american bible society 48 george clinton first governor of new york 1777 1795 served again from 1801 to 1805 and was the fourth vice president of the us 1805 1812 he was an anti federalist advocate of the bill of rights 49 patrick henry gifted orator known for his famous quote give me liberty or give me death 50 served in the first continental congress in 1774 and briefly in the second congress in 1775 before returning to virginia to lead its militia he then completed terms as the first and sixth governor of virginia 1776 1779 and 1784 1786 51 esek hopkins commander in chief of the continental navy 52 henry knox served as chief artillery officer in most of washington s campaigns his earliest achievement was the capture of over 50 pieces of artillery primarily cannons at new york s fort ticonderoga one of the keys to washington s capture of boston in early 1776 knox became the first secretary of war under the u s constitution in 1789 25 gilbert du motier marquis de lafayette french marquis who became a continental army general 53 served without pay brought a ship to america outfitted for war provided clothing and other provisions for the patriot cause all at his own expense 54 robert r livingston member of the committee of five that drafted the declaration of independence 1776 first u s secretary of foreign affairs 1781 1783 and first chancellor of new york 1777 1801 he administered the presidential oath of office at the first inauguration of george washington and with james monroe negotiated the louisiana purchase as the minister to france 55 56 john marshall served with george washington at valley forge and later would be the first to refer to him as the father of his country appointed the fourth chief justice of the u s supreme court under john adams marshall defined the authority of the court and ensured the stability of the federal government during the first three decades of the 19th century 57 58 59 60 james monroe elected to the virginia legislature 1782 member of the continental congress 1783 1786 61 fifth president of the united states for two terms 1817 1825 62 negotiated the louisiana purchase along with robert livingston 63 james otis jr pamphleteer one of the earliest proponents of patriotic causes an opponent of slavery and leader of massachusetts committee of correspondence all in the 1760s 64 65 thomas paine author of common sense and other influential pamphlets in the 1770s sometimes referred to as father of the american revolution 57 66 67 while john adams strongly criticized paine for failing to see the need for a separation of powers in government common sense proved crucial in building support for independence following its publication in january 1776 68 69 timothy pickering secretary of war u s secretary of state from massachusetts fired by president john adams replaced by john marshall 70 thomas pinckney signer of the pinckney s treaty with spain fought as an officer in the continental army and served as a united states ambassador to great britain peyton randolph speaker of virginia s house of burgesses president of the first continental congress and a signer of the continental association 71 john rogers maryland lawyer and judge delegate to the continental congress who voted for the declaration of independence but fell ill before he could sign it 72 charles thomson secretary of the continental congress from its formation to its final session 1774 1789 73 joseph warren respected physician and architect of the revolutionary movement known as the founding martyr for his death at the battle of bunker hill drafted the suffolk resolves in response to the intolerable acts 74 mad anthony wayne a prominent army general durin...