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ervants and the poor and those whose residence in the city was temporary such as wintering noblemen foreign merchants princely officials and so on 15 urban conflicts in free imperial cities which sometimes amounted to class warfare were not uncommon in the early modern age particularly in the 17th century lübeck 1598 1669 schwäbisch hall 1601 1604 frankfurt 1612 1614 wetzlar 1612 1615 erfurt 1648 1664 cologne 1680 1685 hamburg 1678 1693 1702 1708 16 sometimes as in the case of hamburg in 1708 the situation was considered sufficiently serious to warrant the dispatch of an imperial commissioner with troops to restore order and negotiate a compromise and a new city constitution between the warring parties 17 the number of imperial cities shrank over time until the peace of westphalia there were more in areas that were very fragmented politically such as swabia and franconia in the southwest than in the north and the east where the larger and more powerful territories such as brandenburg and saxony were located which were more prone to absorb smaller weaker states in the 16th and 17th century a number of imperial cities were separated from the empire due to external territorial change 1 henry ii of france seized the imperial cities connected to the three bishoprics of metz verdun and toul louis xiv seized many cities based on claims produced by his chambers of reunion that way strasbourg and the ten cities of the décapole were annexed when the old swiss confederacy gained its formal independence from the empire in 1648 it had been de facto independent since 1499 the independence of the imperial cities of basel bern lucerne st gallen schaffhausen solothurn and zürich was formally recognized obernstraße free city of bremen 1843 frankfurt c 1911 after more than 600 years as a free city frankfurt am main was annexed to prussia in 1866 with the rise of revolutionary france in europe this trend accelerated enormously after 1795 the areas west of the rhine were annexed to france by the revolutionary armies suppressing the independence of imperial cities as diverse as cologne aachen speyer and worms then the napoleonic wars led to the reorganization of the empire in 1803 see german mediatisation where all of the free cities but six hamburg bremen lübeck frankfurt augsburg and nuremberg lost their independence and were absorbed into neighboring territories under pressure from napoleon the holy roman empire was dissolved in 1806 by 1811 all of the imperial cities had lost their independence augsburg and nuremberg had been annexed by bavaria frankfurt had become the center of the grand duchy of frankfurt a napoleonic puppet state and the three hanseatic cities had been directly annexed by france as part of its effort to enforce the continental blockade against britain hamburg and lübeck with surrounding territories formed the département of bouches de l elbe and bremen the bouches du weser when the german confederation was established by the congress of vienna in 1815 hamburg lübeck bremen and frankfurt were once again made free cities 1 this time enjoying total sovereignty as all the members of the loose confederation frankfurt was annexed by prussia in 1866 despite its neutrality in the austro prussian war a reason was that bismarck had a grudge against frankfurt former seat of the diet of the german confederation where he was a delegate but also the free press in frankfurt which was rather critical of his politics the three other free cities became constituent states of the new german empire in 1871 and consequently were no longer fully sovereign as they lost control over defence foreign affairs and a few other fields they retained that status in the weimar republic and into nazi germany although under hitler it became purely notional due to hitler s distaste for lübeck 18 and its liberal tradition the need was devised to compensate prussia for territorial losses under the greater hamburg act and lübeck was annexed to prussia in 1937 in the federal republic of germany which was established after the war bremen and hamburg but not lübeck became constituent states a status which they retain to the present day berlin which had never been a free city in its history received the status of a state after the war due to its special position in divided post war germany regensburg was apart from hosting the imperial diet a most peculiar city an officially lutheran city that was the seat of the catholic prince bishopric of regensburg its prince bishop and cathedral chapter the imperial city also housed three imperial abbeys st emmeram niedermünster and obermünster they were five immediate entities fully independent of each other existing in the same city image gallery edit regensburg in 1572 rothenburg in 1572 lubeca urbs imperialis libera free imperial city of lübeck an audience of the reichskammergericht in wetzlar 1750 the imperial city was saved from oblivion in 1689 when it was decided to move the imperial chamber court to wetzlar from speyer too exposed to french aggression map of the free imperial city of mühlhausen in the 18th century map of the free imperial city of hamburg with its outlying exclaves map of the free imperial city of ulm in the 18th century map of the free imperial city of hall in the 18th century see also edit city state free city classical antiquity imperial immediacy list of free imperial cities lübeck law royal free city notes edit this figure does not include the ten cities of the décapole which while still formally independent from 1648 to 1679 had been placed under the heavy handed protection of the french king territorial city is a term used by modern historians to denote any german city or town that was not a free imperial city examples of such cities were lemgo county of lippe gütersloh county of bentheim and emden county of east frisia all the cities of southern germany located in the swabian franconian and bavarian circles belonged to the swabian bench while all the others belonged to rhenish bench even cities such as lübeck and hamburg that were quite far from the rhineland citations edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 holland arthur william 1911 imperial cities or towns in chisholm hugh ed encyclopædia britannica vol 14 11th ed cambridge university press p 342 whaley vol 1 p 26 gagliardo john g 1991 germany under the old regime 1600 1790 london and new york longman p 4 gagliardo p 5 whaley joachim 2012 germany and the holy roman empire vol 1 oxford university press pp 250 510 532 gagliardo pp 6 7 the reichsmatrikel contained errors some of the 85 cities listed were not free imperial cities for instance lemgo while some cities were omitted bremen among cities on the list metz toul verdun besançon cambrai strasburg and the 10 cities of the alsatian dekapolis were to be absorbed by france while basel schaffhausen and st gallen would join the swiss confederacy g benecke society and politics in germany 1500 1750 routledge kegan paul and university of toronto press london toronto and buffalo 1974 appendix ii g benecke society and politics in germany 1500 1750 routledge kegan paul and university of toronto press london toronto and buffalo 1974 appendix iii whaley vol 1 pp 532 533 peter h wilson the holy roman empire 1495 1806 palgrave macmillan 1999 p 66 whaley vol 2 p 210 whaley vol 2 p 211 berndt moeller imperial cities and the reformation labyrinth press durham nc 1982 p 109 g benecke p 162 franck lafage les comtes schönborn 1642 1756 l harmattan paris 2008 vol ii p 319 franck lafage p 319 323 lubeck archived 2007 12 17 at the wayback machine europe à la carte references edit this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain wood james ed 1907 free cities of germany the nuttall encyclopædia london and new york frederick warne v t e décapole of the holy roman empire alliance of ten imperial cities of the holy roman empire in the alsace region 1354 1679 founding cities haguenau colmar wissembourg turckheim obernai kaysersberg rosheim munster sélestat mulhouse other cities landau seltz category alsace v t e free imperial cities of the holy roman empire by 1792 aachen aalen augsburg biberach bopfingen bremen h buchau buchhorn cologne h dinkelsbühl dortmund h eßlingen frankfurt friedberg gengenbach giengen goslar h hamburg h heilbronn isny kaufbeuren kempten kessenich leutkirch lindau lübeck h memmingen mühlhausen mülhausen d s nordhausen nördlingen nuremberg offenburg pfullendorf ravensburg regensburg reutlingen rothenburg rottweil s schwäbisch gmünd schwäbisch hall schweinfurt speyer überlingen ulm wangen weil weißenburg in bayern wetzlar wimpfen windsheim worms zell free imperial cities by 1792 lost imperial immediacy or no longer part of the holy roman empire by 1792 basel s bern s besançon brakel cambrai diessenhofen donauwörth duisburg düren gelnhausen hagenau d herford kaysersberg d kolmar d konstanz landau d lemgo lucerne s mainz metz munster d obernai d pfeddersheim rheinfelden riga rosheim d st gallen s sarrebourg schaffhausen s schmalkalden schlettstadt d seltz d soest h solothurn s straßburg toul turckheim d verden verdun warburg weißenburg in elsaß d zürich s d member of the décapole h member of the hanseatic league s member or associate of the swiss confederacy v t e upper rhenish circle 1500 1806 of the holy roman empire ecclesiastical basel fulda hersfeld metz 1 odenheim bruchsal prüm speyer straßburg toul 1 verdun 1 weißenburg worms secular bar heitersheim hersfeld hesse darmstadt homburg kassel marburg rheinfels isenburg birstein lautern lorraine 2 nassau idstein ottweiler saarbrücken usingen weilburg salm kyrburg salm savoy simmern solms braunfels sponheim 3 veldenz waldeck 3 zweibrücken counts lords with imp diet seats hanau lichtenberg münzenberg 4 isenburg birstein büdingen büdingen birstein königstein mainz stolberg kriechingen leiningen dagsburg hardenburg westerburg salm grehweiler grumbach solms hohensolms laubach lich rödelheim wetterau wittgenstein berleburg wittgenstein without bretzenheim dagstuhl falkenstein isenburg meerholz wächtersbach mensfelden olbrück reipoltskirchen salm dhaun wartenberg cities décapole colmar hagenau kaisersberg landau mülhausen 5 münster im elsaß oberehnheim rosheim schlettstadt türkheim weißenburg others frankfurt friedberg metz speyer straßburg toul verdun wetzlar worms 1 part of the three bishoprics 2 nomeny after 1737 3 without reichstag seat 4 until 1736 5 joined swiss confederacy in 1515 circles est 1500 bavarian swabian upper rhenish lower rhenish westphalian franconian lower saxon circles est 1512 austrian burgundian upper saxon electoral rhenish unencircled territories v t e designations for types of administrative division english terms common english terms area insular area local government area special area unincorporated area unorganized area borough county borough metropolitan borough canton half canton capital federal capital imperial capital city autonomous city charter city independent city incorporated city imperial city free imperial city royal free city community autonomous community residential community county administrative county autonomous county consolidated city county county seat county town metropolitan county non metropolitan county regional county municipality viscounty country overseas country department overseas department district capital district city district congressional district electoral district federal district indian government district land district local government district metropolitan district non metropolitan district military district municipal district police district regional district rural district sanitary district service district educational service district local service district school district intermediate school district special district in the us urban district division census division police division subdivision of india indian reserve reservation indian reservation united states indian reserve canada municipality city municipality county municipality direct controlled municipality district municipality neutral municipality regional municipality resort municipality mountain resort municipality rural municipality specialized municipality prefecture autonomous prefecture subprefecture super prefecture praetorian prefecture province autonomous province overseas province roman province region administrative region special administrative region autonomous region capital region national capital region mesoregion microregion overseas region subregion state quasi state city state federal state free state sovereign state territory capital territory federal capital territory national capital territory dependent territory federal territory incorporated territory organized incorporated territory overseas territory union territory town census town market town township charter township civil township paper township survey township urban township unit regional unit zone economic zone exclusive economic zone free economic zone special economic zone exclusion zone military exclusion zone free speech zone neutral zone self administered zone trade zone free trade zone other english terms current alpine resort bailiwick banner autonomous block cadastre circle circuit colony commune condominium constituency duchy district eldership emirate enclave and exclave federal dependency governorate hamlet manor royal muftiate neighbourhood parish precinct principality protectorate quarter regency autonomous republic riding sector autonomous shire sultanate suzerainty townland village summer ward historical agency barony burgh exarchate hide hundred imperial circle march monthon presidency residency roman diocese seat tenth tithing viceroyalty non english terms or loanwords current amt apskritis bakhsh barangay bashki bezirk regierungsbezirk comarca comune frazione freguesia fu gemeinde austria germany south tyrol switzerland gemeente gmina hromada județ kampong kommun kunta finland sweden län sweden landskap finland località maakunta megye muban mukim njësi administrative obec oblast autonomous okrug ostān poblacion purok qark raion savivaldybė selsoviet sitio seniūnija shahrestān sum china sýsla tehsil townlet vingtaine historical commote gau heerlijkheid komunë dominion köping korale län lääni landskap sweden landskommun maalaiskunta nome egypt greece pagus pargana plasă rreth satrapy socken subah syssel zhou used by ten or more countries or having derived terms historical derivations in italics see also autonomous administration census division electoral district list of administrative divisions by country greek administrative divisions slavic administrative divisions authority control databases international gnd other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title free_imperial_city oldid 1360718861 categories free imperial cities law of the holy roman empire types of administrative division hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata histo...