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war toggle post war subsection 3 1 administrative responsibilities 3 2 renewed research 3 3 honors and recognition 4 personal life 5 notes 6 further reading 7 external links toggle the table of contents fritz strassmann 44 languages العربية مصرى تۆرکجه беларуская български bosanski català čeština deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 latina lëtzebuergesch lietuvių मराठी nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from fritz strassman german chemist 1902 1980 fritz strassmann born friedrich wilhelm strassmann 1902 02 22 22 february 1902 boppard kingdom of prussia german empire died 22 april 1980 1980 04 22 aged 78 mainz rhineland palatinate west germany education technical university of hannover phd known for discovery of nuclear fission awards enrico fermi award 1966 scientific career fields chemistry workplaces kaiser wilhelm institute university of mainz doctoral advisor hermann braune de friedrich wilhelm strassmann german fʁɪt͡s ˈʃtʁasˌman ⓘ 22 february 1902 22 april 1980 was a german chemist who with otto hahn in december 1938 identified the element barium as a product of the bombardment of uranium with neutrons their observation was the key piece of evidence necessary to identify the previously unknown phenomenon of nuclear fission as was subsequently recognized and published by lise meitner and robert frisch in their second publication on nuclear fission in february 1939 strassmann and hahn predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process opening up the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction early life edit righteous among the nations the holocaust rescuers of jews righteousness seven laws of noah yad vashem by country austrian croatian czech german hungarian lithuanian norwegian polish list romanian serbian ukrainian v t e friedrich wilhelm fritz strassmann was born in boppard germany to richard strassmann and julie strassmann née bernsmann he was the youngest of nine children growing up in düsseldorf he developed an interest in chemistry at a young age and conducted chemistry experiments in his parents home his family was of modest means and his father died at a young age worsening the family s financial situation financial considerations limited strassmann s initial choices of where to pursue his higher education and what subjects they should be 1 2 strassmann began his formal chemistry studies in 1920 at the technical university of hannover supporting himself financially by working as a tutor for other students he received a diploma in chemical engineering in 1924 and his phd in physical chemistry in 1929 1 2 his doctoral research was on the solubility and reactivity of iodine in carbonic acid in the gas phase which gave him experience in analytical chemistry strassmann s doctoral advisor was hermann braune de 1 subsequently strassmann received a partial scholarship to the kaiser wilhelm institute for chemistry in berlin dahlem beginning in 1929 3 there he studied radiochemistry with otto hahn who arranged twice for his scholarship to be renewed when his scholarship expired in september 1932 strassmann continued to work as a research student in hahn s laboratory without a stipend but without having to pay tuition 1 activities during nazi rule edit in 1933 strassmann resigned from the society of german chemists when it became part of a nazi controlled public corporation he was blacklisted by the nazi regime as a result he could not work in the chemical industry nor could he receive his habilitation as required to be an independent researcher in germany at the time 1 4 lise meitner encouraged otto hahn to find an assistantship for strassmann at half pay and he eventually became a special assistant to meitner and hahn 1 strassmann considered himself fortunate for despite my affinity for chemistry i value my personal freedom so highly that to preserve it i would break stones for a living 4 strassman s wife maria supported his refusal to join the nazi party 1 4 during world war ii they concealed a jewish woman musician andrea wolfenstein in their apartment for months putting themselves and their three year old son at risk especially considering the housekeeper and downstairs neighbors were nazi supporters 5 4 strassmann continued his research in radiochemistry during world war ii although he did not work on weapons development he disdained the nazi regime and is reported to have said if my work would lead to hitler having an atomic bomb i would kill myself 6 discovery of nuclear fission edit main article discovery of nuclear fission hahn and meitner made use of strassmann s expertise in analytical chemistry in their investigations of the products resulting from bombarding uranium with neutrons of these three scientists only strassmann remained focused on their joint experimental investigations meitner being jewish was forced to leave nazi germany and hahn had extensive administrative duties 1 exhibition to mark the 75th anniversary of the discovery of nuclear fission at the deutsches museum in munich the table and instruments are original but the instruments would not have been together on the one table in the same room 7 pressure from historians scientists and feminists caused the museum to alter the display in 1988 to acknowledge the contributions of lise meitner otto frisch and strassmann right whose images are now prominently displayed 8 in 1937 and 1938 scientists irène joliot curie and paul savič reported results from their investigations on irradiating uranium with neutrons they were unable to identify the substances that formed as a result of the uranium irradiation strassmann with hahn identified the element barium as a major end product in the neutron bombardment of uranium through a decay chain the result was surprising because of the large difference in atomic number of the two elements uranium having atomic number 92 and barium having atomic number 56 1 in december 1938 hahn and strassmann sent a manuscript to die naturwissenschaften reporting the results of their experiments on detection of barium as a product of neutron bombardment of uranium 9 robert frisch confirmed strassman and hahn s report experimentally on 13 january 1939 10 frisch and meitner explained strassman s and hahn s findings as being from nuclear fission which they named 11 in 1944 hahn received the nobel prize for chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission although fritz strassmann had been acknowledged as an equal collaborator in the discovery 12 world war ii edit working at the kaiser wilhelm institute from 1939 to 1946 strassman contributed to research on the fission products of thorium uranium and neptunium in this way he contributed to the understanding of the radiochemistry of the actinide elements he developed methods for the dating of the age of minerals and other inorganic substances based on the half life of radioactive elements and the enrichment of decay products strassmann and ernst walling developed the rubidium strontium method of radiometric dating in 1936 and 1937 and strassmann continued this work in 1942 and 1943 his methods are known as emanation methods and strassmann s research in this area was fundamental to the field of geochronology 1 zur folge nach der entstehung des 2 3 tage isotops des elements 93 aus uran following the formation of the 2 3 day isotope of element 93 from uranium g 151 27 february 1942 by hahn and strassmann was published in kernphysikalische forschungsberichte research reports in nuclear physics an internal publication of the german uranverein reports in this publication were classified as top secret and therefore had very limited distribution and the authors were not allowed to keep copies they were confiscated by the allied operation alsos in 1945 in 1971 the reports were declassified and returned to germany they are available at the karlsruhe nuclear research center and the american institute of physics 13 14 on 15 february 1944 and again on 24 march 1944 the institute suffered severe bombing damage for this reason the institute was temporarily relocated to tailfingen now albstadt in the württemberg district in a textile factory belonging to the ludwig haasis company 15 16 post war edit administrative responsibilities edit in april 1945 hahn and other german physicists were taken into custody as part of operation epsilon and interned at farm hall godmanchester near cambridge england 17 in hahn s absence strassmann became director of the chemistry section of the institute 15 strassman became professor of inorganic chemistry and nuclear chemistry at the university of mainz in 1946 2 the institute consisted of two departments mass spectrometry and nuclear physics were josef mattauch s departments while nuclear chemistry was strassmann s department mattauch was appointed director of the institute mattauch developed tuberculosis and in his absence strassman became acting director in 1948 as of 1949 the kaiser wilhelm institute was renamed the max planck institute for chemistry and moved from tailfingen to mainz germany 16 in 1950 strassmann became the official director of the institute 15 16 after mattauch returned in 1951 there was considerable conflict over the allocation of resources to their respective departments 1 renewed research edit memorial plaque at the hahn meitner building at the free university of berlin commemorating the discovery of nuclear fission there by otto hahn and fritz strassmann in 1953 strassmann gave up the directorship choosing instead to focus on his research and scholarship at the university of mainz he succeeded in building up the department s capabilities and he worked directly with students strassmann began these undertakings at the university of mainz with a few scattered rooms and very little money he negotiated with the university and with badische anilin und soda fabriken basf to fund an institute for the chemical sciences at the university with a focus on nuclear chemistry he also lobbied the german federal government to fund a neutron generator a nuclear reactor for research purposes and a special institute for nuclear chemistry strassman s creation the institute for nuclear chemistry officially opened on 3 april 1967 2 1 in 1957 strassmann was one of the göttingen eighteen göttinger achtzehn a group of leading nuclear researchers of the federal republic of germany who wrote a manifesto göttingen manifesto göttinger erklärung opposing chancellor konrad adenauer and defense secretary franz josef strauß s plans to equip the bundeswehr western germany s army with tactical nuclear weapons 18 strassmann retired in 1970 2 1 he died on 22 april 1980 in mainz 2 honors and recognition edit in 1966 united states president lyndon johnson honored hahn meitner and strassmann with the enrico fermi award 19 the international astronomical union named an asteroid after him 19136 strassmann 20 on 16 july 1985 professor fritz strassmann was posthumously recognized by the yad vashem institute in jerusalem as one of the righteous among the nations חסיד אמות העולם 5 21 personal life edit on 20 july 1937 strassmann married maria heckter 22 also a chemist strassmann was a self taught violinist he met maria heckter through a group of young musicians that they both belonged to they had a son martin 1 maria died of cancer in 1956 in 1959 strassmann married journalist irmgard hartmann he had known hartmann for many years as she was a member of the same group of young musicians to which strassmann and his wife maria had belonged 1 notes edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 krafft fritz strassmann friedrich wilhelm fritz encyclopedia com complete dictionary of scientific biography retrieved 31 december 2019 1 2 3 4 5 6 friedlander gerhart herrmann günter april 1981 fritz strassmann physics today 34 4 84 86 bibcode 1981pht 34d 84f doi 10 1063 1 2914536 retrieved 31 december 2019 otto hahn lise meitner and fritz strassmann science history institute june 2016 retrieved 31 december 2019 1 2 3 4 sime ruth lewin 1996 lise meitner a life in physics berkeley university of california press p 157 isbn 978 0 520 08906 8 oclc 32893857 1 2 strassmann fritz the righteous among the nations database yad vashem retrieved 2 february 2025 fritz strassmann spartacus educational com spartacus educational publishers retrieved 1 april 2020 originalgeräte zur entdeckung der kernspaltung hahn meitner straßmann tisch original equipment for the discovery of nuclear fission hahn meitner straßmann table in german deutsches museum retrieved 8 october 2024 sime ruth lewin 15 june 2010 an inconvenient history the nuclear fission display in the deutsches museum physics in perspective 12 2 206 210 bibcode 2010php 12 190s doi 10 1007 s00016 009 0013 x issn 1422 6944 s2cid 120584702 hahn o strassmann f 1939 über den nachweis und das verhalten der bei der bestrahlung des urans mittels neutronen entstehenden erdalkalimetalle on the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons naturwissenschaften in german 27 1 11 15 bibcode 1939nw 27 11h doi 10 1007 bf01488241 frisch o r 1939 physical evidence for the division of heavy nuclei under neutron bombardment nature 143 3 616 276 bibcode 1939natur 143 276f doi 10 1038 143276a0 archived from the original on 23 january 2009 hitler and the bomb new york times 11 december 1988 bowden mary ellen 1997 chemical achievers the human face of the chemical sciences chemical heritage foundation pp 76 80 isbn 9780941901123 hentschel klaus hentschel ann m 1996 physics and national socialism an anthology of primary sources birkhäuser p xvi xlviii isbn 9783034802031 see appendix e entry for kernphysikalische forschungsberichte walker mark 1993 german national socialism and the quest for nuclear power 1939 1949 cambridge university press pp 268 274 isbn 0 521 43804 7 1 2 3 chronik des kaiser wilhelm max planck instituts für chemie pdf max planck instituts für chemie retrieved 26 december 2019 1 2 3 palme herbert 2018 cosmochemistry along the rhine pdf geochemical perspectives 7 1 4 10 archived from the original pdf on 31 july 2020 retrieved 31 december 2019 walker mark 1993 german national socialism and the quest for nuclear power cambridge cambridge university press pp 158 159 isbn 0 521 36413 2 oclc 722061969 castell lutz ischebeck otfried eds ...