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afety and actuation mechanisms artillery artillery fuzes are tailored to function in the special circumstances of artillery projectiles the relevant factors are the projectile s initial rapid acceleration high velocity and usually rapid rotation which affect both safety and arming requirements and options and the target may be moving or stationary artillery fuzes may be initiated by a timer mechanism impact or detection of proximity to the target or a combination of these grenades requirements for a grenade fuze are defined by the projectile s small size and slow delivery over a short distance this necessitates manual arming before throwing as the grenade has insufficient initial acceleration for arming to be driven by setback and no rotation to drive arming by centrifugal force aerial bombs aerial bombs can be detonated either by a fuze which contains a small explosive charge to initiate the main charge or by a pistol a firing pin in a case which strikes the detonator when triggered 12 the pistol may be considered a part of the mechanical fuze assembly landmines the main design consideration is that the bomb that the fuze is intended to actuate is stationary and the target itself is moving in making contact naval mines relevant design factors in naval mine fuzes are that the mine may be static or moving downward through the water and the target is typically moving on or below the water surface usually above the mine activation mechanisms edit time edit wooden grenade fuse from the 17th century broken open vertically with preserved delay charge time fuzes detonate after a set period of time by using one or more combinations of mechanical electronic pyrotechnic or even chemical timers depending on the technology used the device may self destruct 13 or render itself safe without detonation 14 some seconds minutes hours days or even months after being deployed early artillery time fuzes were nothing more than a hole filled with gunpowder leading from the surface to the centre of the projectile the flame from the burning of the gunpowder propellant ignited this fuze on firing and burned through to the centre during flight then igniting or exploding whatever the projectile may have been filled with by the 19th century devices more recognisable as modern artillery fuzes were being made of carefully selected wood and trimmed to burn for a predictable time after firing these were still typically fired from smoothbore muzzle loaders with a relatively large gap between the shell and barrel and still relied on flame from the gunpowder propellant charge escaping past the shell on firing to ignite the wood fuze and hence initiate the timer in the mid to late 19th century adjustable metal time fuzes the fore runners of today s time fuzes containing burning gunpowder as the delay mechanism became common in conjunction with the introduction of rifled artillery rifled guns introduced a tight fit between shell and barrel and hence could no longer rely on the flame from the propellant to initiate the timer the new metal fuzes typically use the shock of firing setback and or the projectiles s rotation to arm the fuze and initiate the timer hence introducing a safety factor previously absent as late as world war i some countries were still using hand grenades with simple black match fuses much like those of modern fireworks the infantryman lit the fuse before throwing the grenade and hoped the fuse burned for the several seconds intended these were soon superseded in 1915 by the mills bomb the first modern hand grenade with a relatively safe and reliable time fuze initiated by pulling out a safety pin and releasing an arming handle on throwing modern time fuzes often use an electronic delay system impact edit main article contact fuze impact percussion or contact fuzes detonate when their forward motion rapidly decreases typically on physically striking an object such as the target the detonation may be instantaneous or deliberately delayed to occur a preset fraction of a second after penetration of the target an instantaneous superquick fuze will detonate nearly instantly on the slightest physical contact with the target a fuze with a graze action will also detonate on change of direction caused by a slight glancing blow on a physical obstruction such as the ground impact fuzes in artillery usage may be mounted in the shell nose point detonating or shell base base detonating inertia edit inertial fuzes are triggered when the entity carrying them for example a torpedo air dropped bomb sea mine or booby trap experiences a sudden or gradual depending on the design acceleration deceleration or impact in this way they are both similar to and different from impact fuzes whereas impact fuzes usually require physical contact with or an impact against a hard surface inertial fuzes can trigger from any change of momentum this allows them to be mounted deep inside the entity carrying them rather than on its exterior designs can be varied some can be passively safe ignoring all changes of momentum below a certain threshold thereby functioning similarly to impact fuzes without the limitation of being externally mounted other designs can be passively dangerous using other energy sources such as gravity or an electrical battery to greatly amplify slight changes in inertia over time one easy way of visualizing a passively safe inertial fuze is to picture a marble in a bowl the device is triggered when the marble rolls to the rim of the bowl in contrast a passively dangerous inertial fuze would be similar to a marble on a smooth flat plate the former uses gravity to actively suppress weak forces acting on the marble whereas the latter uses gravity to actively amplify them passively dangerous inertial fuzes are commonly employed in anti handling devices for comparatively low velocity munitions such as torpedoes inertial fuzes of the pendulum and swing arm types have been used historically an early example of a pendulum fuze can be seen in the design of the brennan torpedo inertial fuzing is also used in the design of hesh munitions since their concept precludes the use of contact fuzing proximity edit main article proximity fuze mk 53 proximity fuze for an artillery shell c 1945 proximity fuzes cause a missile warhead or other munition e g air dropped bomb sea mine or torpedo to detonate when it comes within a certain pre set distance of the target or vice versa proximity fuzes utilize sensors incorporating one or more combinations of the following radar active sonar passive acoustic infrared magnetic photoelectric seismic or even television cameras these may take the form of an anti handling device designed specifically to kill or severely injure anyone who tampers with the munition in some way e g lifting or tilting it regardless of the sensor used the pre set triggering distance is calculated such that the explosion will occur sufficiently close to the target that it is either destroyed or severely damaged remote detonation edit a modern multichannel radio remote detonator in 2015 detonation can be triggered from distant sources of interaction this can be accomplished both by mechanical and electronic means electronic or electrical remote detonators use wires or electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves or infrared light to remotely command the device to detonate this can be achieved by either a deliberate command from a transmitter apparatus or by autonomous transmission of a signal or sensing of an interruption of a continuous signal a simple example of an electrical wired remote detonator is known as a blasting machine a device used since the 19th century vast and sophisticated systems like dead hand could also technically fall within this category mechanical remote detonators use some type of mechanical linkage usually a lanyard or tripwire but sophisticated rigid linkages are also a possibility lanyards have been commonly employed by artillery pull primers 15 lanyards continue to be used to trigger primer detonations in modern emplaced artillery for safety reasons 16 such devices are no longer of the friction primer type using modern impact or electronic primer ignition systems barometric edit barometric fuzes cause a bomb to detonate at a certain pre set altitude above sea level by means of a radar barometric altimeter or an infrared rangefinder combinations edit the contact fuze of a g7a torpedo a hybrid design using both impact and swing arm inertial triggering a fuze assembly may include more than one fuze in series or parallel arrangements the rpg 7 usually has an impact pibd fuze in parallel with a 4 5 second time fuze so detonation should occur on impact but otherwise takes place after 4 5 seconds military weapons containing explosives have fuzing systems including a series time fuze to ensure that they do not initiate explode prematurely within a danger distance of the munition launch platform in general the munition has to travel a certain distance wait for a period of time via a clockwork electronic or chemical delay mechanism or have some form of arming pin or plug removed only when these processes have occurred will the arming process of the series time fuze be complete mines often have a parallel time fuze to detonate and destroy the mine after a pre determined period to minimize casualties after the anticipated duration of hostilities detonation of modern naval mines may require simultaneous detection of a series arrangement of acoustic magnetic and or pressure sensors to complicate mine sweeping efforts 17 safety and arming mechanisms edit sd2 butterfly bomb c 1940 wings rotate as bomb falls unscrewing the arming spindle connected to the fuze the multiple safety arming features in the m734 fuze used for mortars are representative of the sophistication of modern electronic fuzes safety arming mechanisms can be as simple as the spring loaded safety levers on m67 or rgd 5 grenade fuzes which will not initiate the explosive train so long as the pin is kept in the grenade or the safety lever is held down on a pinless grenade alternatively it can be as complex as the electronic timer countdown on an influence sea mine which gives the vessel laying it sufficient time to move out of the blast zone before the magnetic or acoustic sensors are fully activated in modern artillery shells most fuzes incorporate several safety features to prevent a fuze arming before it leaves the gun barrel these safety features may include arming on setback or by centrifugal force and often both operating together set back arming uses the inertia of the accelerating artillery shell to remove a safety feature as the projectile accelerates from rest to its in flight speed rotational arming requires that the artillery shell reach a certain rpm before centrifugal forces cause a safety feature to disengage or move an arming mechanism to its armed position artillery shells are fired through a rifled barrel which forces them to spin during flight in other cases the bomb mine or projectile has a fuze that prevents accidental initiation e g stopping the rotation of a small propeller unless a lanyard pulls out a pin so that the striker pin cannot hit the detonator even if the weapon is dropped on the ground these types of fuze operate with aircraft weapons where the weapon may have to be jettisoned over friendly territory to allow a damaged aircraft to continue to fly the crew can choose to jettison the weapons safe by dropping the devices with safety pins still attached or drop them live by removing the safety pins as the weapons leave the aircraft aerial bombs and depth charges can be nose and tail fuzed using different detonator initiator characteristics so that the crew can choose which effect fuze will suit target conditions that may not have been known before the flight the arming switch is set to one of safe nose or tail at the crew s choice base fuzes are also used by artillery and tanks for shells of the squash head type some types of armour piercing shells have also used base fuzes as have nuclear artillery shells the most sophisticated fuze mechanisms of all are those fitted to nuclear weapons and their safety arming devices are correspondingly complex in addition to pal protection the fuzing used in nuclear weapons features multiple highly sophisticated environmental sensors e g sensors requiring highly specific acceleration and deceleration profiles before the warhead can be fully armed the intensity and duration of the acceleration deceleration must match the environmental conditions which the bomb missile warhead would actually experience when dropped or fired furthermore these events must occur in the correct order as an additional safety precaution most modern nuclear weapons utilize a timed two point detonation system such that only a precisely timed firing of both detonators in sequence will result in the correct conditions to cause a fission reaction citation needed note some fuzes e g those used in air dropped bombs and landmines may contain anti handling devices specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel the technology to incorporate booby trap mechanisms in fuzes has existed since at least 1940 e g the german zus40 anti removal bomb fuze 18 reliability edit a fuze must be designed to function appropriately considering relative movement of the munition with respect to its target the target may move past stationary munitions like land mines or naval mines or the target may be approached by a rocket torpedo artillery shell or air dropped bomb timing of fuze function may be described as optimum if detonation occurs when target damage will be maximized early if detonation occurs prior to optimum late if detonation occurs past optimum or dud if the munition fails to detonate any given batch of a specific design may be tested to determine the anticipated percentage of early optimum late and dud expected from that fuze installation 17 combination fuze design attempts to maximize optimum detonation while recognizing dangers of early fuze function and potential dangers of late function for subsequent occupation of the target zone by friendly forces or for gravity return of anti aircraft munitions used in defense of surface positions series fuze combinations minimize early function by detonating at the latest activation of the individual components series combinations are useful for safety arming devices but increase the percentage of late and dud munitions parallel fuze combinations minimize duds by detonating at the earliest activation of individual components but increase the possibility of premature early function of the munition sophisticated military munition fuzes typically contain an arming device in series with a parallel arrangement of sensing fuzes for target destruction and a time fuze for self destruction if no target is detected 17 gallery edit this section contains an excessive or unencyclopedic gallery of images please hel...