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ilding political campaigning and sharing of new material origins edit in the late 1970s richard stallman had an issue with a new printer installed in the mit ai lab where he worked at the time which ran proprietary firmware richard stallman was frustrated that he could not receive a copy of the printer software and edit the code to solve his problem this early experience led him to believe that the limits of non free software are a social issue 9 richard stallman announced his intent to start coding the gnu project in a usenet message in september 1983 10 despite never having used unix prior stallman felt that it was the most appropriate system design to use as a basis for the gnu project as it was portable and fairly clean 11 when the gnu project first started it had an emacs text editor with lisp for writing editor commands a source level debugger a yacc compatible parser generator and a linker 12 the gnu system required its own c compiler and tools to be free software so these also had to be developed by june 1987 the project had accumulated and developed free software for an assembler an almost finished portable optimizing c compiler gcc an editor gnu emacs and various unix utilities such as ls grep awk make and ld 13 richard stallman also mentioned in the gnu manifesto that an initial kernel exists for the gnu operating system that kernel was soon revealed to be the trix kernel 14 developers attempted to use trix as the base of the gnu kernel but abandoned the effort in favour of gnu mach once the kernel and the compiler were finished gnu was able to be used for program development the main goal was to create many other applications to be like the unix system gnu was able to run unix programs but was not identical to it gnu incorporated longer file names file version numbers and a crash proof file system the gnu manifesto was written to gain support and participation from others for the project programmers were encouraged to take part in any aspect of the project that interested them people could donate funds computer parts or even their own time to write code and programs for the project 4 the origins and development of most aspects of the gnu project and free software in general are shared in a detailed narrative in the emacs help system c h g runs the emacs editor command describe gnu project it is the same detailed history as at their web site 15 gnu manifesto edit main article gnu manifesto the gnu manifesto was written by richard stallman to gain support and participation in the gnu project in the manifesto stallman listed four freedoms essential to software users freedom to run a program for any purpose freedom to study the mechanics of the program and modify it freedom to redistribute copies and freedom to improve and change modified versions for public use see also gratis versus libre 16 17 to implement these freedoms users needed full access to the source code to ensure code remained free and provide it to the public stallman created the gnu general public license gpl which allowed software and the future generations of code derived from it to remain free for public use philosophy and activism edit main article free software movement although most of the gnu project s output is technical in nature it was launched as a social ethical and political initiative 18 19 as well as producing software and licenses the gnu project has published a number of writings many of which were authored by richard stallman free software edit main article free software the gnu project uses software that is free for users to copy edit and distribute 20 it is free in the sense that users can change the software to fit individual needs the way programmers obtain the free software depends on where they get it the software could be provided to the programmer from friends or over the internet or the company a programmer works for may purchase the software 21 funding edit proceeds from free software foundation associate members purchases and donations support the gnu project 22 copyright gnu licenses and stewardship edit the gnu project recommends that contributors assign the copyright for gnu packages to the free software foundation 23 24 though the free software foundation considers it acceptable to release small changes to an existing project to the public domain 25 however this is not required package maintainers may retain copyright to the gnu packages they maintain though since only the copyright holder may enforce the license used such as the gnu gpl the copyright holder in this case enforces it rather than the free software foundation 26 for the development of needed software stallman wrote a license called the gnu general public license first called emacs general public license with the goal to guarantee users freedom to share and change free software 27 stallman wrote this license after his experience with james gosling and a program called unipress over a controversy around software code use in the gnu emacs program 28 29 for most of the 80s each gnu package had its own license the emacs general public license the gcc general public license etc in 1989 fsf published a single license they could use for all their software and which could be used by non gnu projects the gnu general public license gpl 28 30 this license is now used by most of gnu software as well as a large number of free software programs that are not part of the gnu project it also historically has been the most commonly used free software license though recently challenged by the mit license 31 32 it gives all recipients of a program the right to run copy modify and distribute it while forbidding them from imposing further restrictions on any copies they distribute this idea is often referred to as copyleft 33 in 1991 the gnu lesser general public license lgpl then known as the library general public license was written for the gnu c library to allow it to be linked with proprietary software 34 1991 also saw the release of version 2 of the gnu gpl the gnu free documentation license fdl for documentation followed in 2000 35 the gpl and lgpl were revised to version 3 in 2007 adding clauses to protect users against hardware restrictions that prevent users from running modified software on their own devices 36 besides gnu s packages the gnu project s licenses can 37 and are used by many unrelated projects such as the linux kernel often used with gnu software a majority of free software such as the x window system 38 is licensed under permissive free software licenses 39 copyleft edit main article copyleft copyleft licenses help maintain free use of this software among other programmers copyleft gives everyone the legal right to use edit and redistribute programs or programs code as long as the distribution terms do not change as a result any user who obtains the software legally has the same freedoms as the rest of its users do 40 the gnu project and the free software foundation sometimes differentiate between strong and weak copyleft licenses weak copyleft programs typically allow distributors to link them together with non free programs while strong copyleft strictly forbids this practice most of the gnu project s output is released under a strong copyleft although some is released under a weak copyleft or a lax push over free software license 41 42 operating system development edit gnu hurd live cd main article gnu the first goal of the gnu project was to create a whole free software operating system because unix was already widespread and ran on more powerful machines compared to contemporary cp m or ms dos machines of time 43 it was decided it would be a unix like operating system richard stallman later commented that he considered ms dos a toy 44 by 1992 the gnu project had completed all of the major operating system utilities but had not completed their proposed operating system kernel gnu hurd with the release of the linux kernel for the first time under the gplv2 with version 0 12 in 1992 the project was started independently by linus torvalds in 1991 but not under gpl it was possible to run an operating system composed completely of free software though the linux kernel is not part of the gnu project it was developed using gcc and other gnu programming tools and was released as free software under the gnu general public license 45 most compilation of the linux kernel is still done with gnu toolchains but it is currently possible to use the clang compiler and the llvm toolchain for compilation 46 as of present the gnu project has not released a version of gnu hurd that is suitable for production environments since the commencement of the gnu hurd project over 35 years ago 47 gnu free system distribution guidelines edit the gnu free system distribution guidelines gnu fsdg is a system distribution commitment that explains how an installable system distribution such as a linux distribution qualifies as free libre and helps distribution developers make their distributions qualify 48 the list mostly describes distributions that are a combination of gnu packages with a linux libre kernel a modified linux kernel that removes binary blobs obfuscated code and portions of code under proprietary licenses and consist only of free software eschewing proprietary software entirely 49 50 51 distributions that have adopted the gnu fsdg include dragora gnu linux libre gnu guix system hyperbola gnu linux libre parabola gnu linux libre trisquel gnu linux pureos and a few others 52 in 2022 debian was close to becoming a fsf endorsed distro but it had another repository on its servers with non free packages therefore it did not become fsf endorsed debian 12 added an option in its installer for non free hardware to work by running non free code 53 the fedora project s distribution license guidelines were used as a basis for the fsdg 54 the fedora project s own guidelines however currently do not follow the fsdg and thus the gnu project does not consider fedora to be a fully free libre gnu linux distribution 51 strategic projects edit see also free software foundation high priority projects and gnu toolchain from the mid 1990s onward with many companies investing in free software development the free software foundation redirected its funds toward the legal and political support of free software development software development from that point on focused on maintaining existing projects and starting new projects only when there was an acute threat to the free software community one of the most notable projects of the gnu project is the gnu compiler collection whose components have been adopted as the standard compiler system on many unix like systems the copyright of most works by the gnu project is owned by the free software foundation 55 gnome edit the gnome desktop effort was launched by the gnu project because another desktop system kde was becoming popular but required users to install qt which was then proprietary software to prevent people from being tempted to install kde and qt the gnu project simultaneously launched two projects one was the harmony toolkit this was an attempt to make a free software replacement for qt had this project been successful the perceived problem with the kde would have been solved the second project was gnome which tackled the same issue from a different angle it aimed to make a replacement for kde that had no dependencies on proprietary software the harmony project did not make much progress but gnome developed very well eventually the proprietary component that kde depended on qt was released as free software 56 gnome has since when dissociated itself from the gnu project and the free software foundation and is now independently managed by the gnome project 57 better source needed gnu enterprise edit gnu enterprise gnue was a meta project started in 1996 58 and can be regarded as a sub project of the gnu project gnue s goal is to create free enterprise class data aware applications enterprise resource planners etc gnue is designed to collect enterprise software for the gnu system in a single location much like the gnome project collects desktop software it was later decommissioned 59 recognition edit in 2001 the gnu project received the usenix lifetime achievement award for the ubiquity breadth and quality of its freely available redistributable and modifiable software which has enabled a generation of research and commercial development 60 see also edit free and open source software portal free software foundation gnu free documentation license list of gnu packages 9965 gnu references edit a bold gnu head archived from the original on december 5 2014 retrieved june 28 2026 we thank aurelio a heckert for donating this graphic to us a gnu head archived from the original on july 28 2011 retrieved november 30 2014 this graphic was drawn by etienne suvasa what is gnu the gnu operating system free software foundation september 4 2009 archived from the original on 2004 04 02 retrieved 2009 10 09 the name gnu is a recursive acronym for gnu s not unix it is pronounced g noo as one syllable with no vowel sound between the g and the n 1 2 the gnu manifesto free software foundation july 21 2007 archived from the original on 2018 07 14 retrieved 2015 10 08 torvalds linus benedict august 1991 comp os minix archived from the original on 2013 05 09 retrieved 2009 09 06 z archive of linux version 0 99 the linux kernel archives december 1992 archived from the original on 2017 01 30 balsa andrew d the linux kernel mailing list faq the linux kernel archives kernel org archived from the original on 2012 10 01 retrieved 2013 06 13 we have tried to use the word linux or the expression linux kernel to designate the kernel and gnu linux to designate the entire body of gnu gpl ed os software many people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of kernel related matters not gnu linux in general mark shuttleworth 14 february 2014 losing graciously archived from the original on 22 march 2014 retrieved 27 april 2014 today our focus is on the cloud and on mobile and we are quite clearly leading gnu linux on both fronts stallman richard may 29 2001 free software freedom and cooperation speech new york university retrieved march 24 2026 so despite our skill as programmers after all we had written our own timesharing system we were completely helpless to add this feature to the printer software richard stallman new unix implementation archived from the original on 2011 01 22 retrieved 2013 09 27 stallman richard 2022 how i do my computing archived from the original on january 31 2023 retrieved january 31 2023 wardrip fruin noah and nick montfort the gnu manifesto the newmediareader cambridge massachusetts mit 2003 pp 545 550 gnu s bulletin vol 1 no 3 gnu org june 1987 archived from the original on 2015 11 25 retrieved 2014 04 18 the gnu manifesto gnu project what s gnu gnu s not unix archived from the original on 2026 05 21 retrieved ...