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a item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia gravitational wave event gw250114 gw250114 s signal at hanford and livingston event type gravitational wave date c 1 14 billion years ago detected january 14 2025 8 22 03 utc duration c 230 milliseconds instrument ligo distance c 1 14 billion ly redshift 0 09 0 01 0 01 1 progenitor 2 black holes total energy output 3 1 2 2 m c 2 1 edit on wikidata gw250114 was a black hole merger detected by ligo on january 14 2025 2 3 it generated the clearest gravitational wave signal received to date 4 with a signal to noise ratio snr of about 77 80 5 6 far clearer than the 42 snr of the previous best gravitational wave observation of gw230814 1 it identified with a 4 1 σ level of significance the first overtone of the kerr solution for a rotating black hole 7 the findings were corroborated in a september 2025 scientific article 1 the discovery is empirical confirmation of stephen hawking s area theorem of 1971 8 it states that even though black holes lose energy from gravitational waves and increasing angular momentum spin which can reduce surface area the total surface area of two merged black holes must increase or remain the same 9 history edit ligo o4 run edit ligo mixes observation runs with facility upgrades each run is typically split into two or three subruns for smaller fixes the fourth observation run o4 ran o4a from may 24 2023 until january 16 2024 then o4b from april 10 2024 until january 28 2025 and a third subrun begun on june 11 2025 scheduled to end november 2025 gw250114 was detected near the end of the o4b subrun 3 detection and basic analysis edit on january 14 2025 both of ligo s interferometers one in hanford washington and one in livingston louisiana were operating but those of its partners virgo and kagra were not just after 08 22 03 utc the ligo interferometers registered nearly identical gravitational wave signals with parts of the signal having snr above 10σ 1 the signal matched that of two black holes one of mass 33 6 1 2 0 8 m and the other of mass 32 2 0 8 1 3 m with merged mass 62 7 1 0 1 1 m the energy released was 3 1 2 2 m c 2 1 both were low spin at most circa 0 25 of the maximum possible spin the merged spin was 0 68 0 01 0 01 of the maximum possible spin 1 noise reduction edit two black hole mergers detected 10 years apart illustrates the reduction in noise achieved by upgrades during that time gw250114 s measurement has a signal to noise ratio snr of 80 achieved by combination of both ligo detectors record snr measurements and much cleaner than the snr of 26 from the first observation of a gravitational wave gw150914 a decade earlier 1 noise reduction accelerates the rate at which new black hole mergers are discovered and captures detailed data that expand the scope of what is learned about the fundamental properties of black holes 10 as a new black hole stabilizes it emits reverberating gravitational waves a stage called its ringdown through the pitch and decay of the measured two signal harmonics overtones the black hole s mass and spin can be observationally measured while scientists were unable to distinguish more than a single harmonic in the ringdown from the black holes collision with the far fainter 2015 signal they were able to with gw250114 resulting from data with a far higher snr 1 significance edit previous evidence edit previous observations of black hole mergers from the original 2015 black hole merger and later 11 have been consistent with the no hair theorem and hawking area theorem however the low signal to noise ratio of these signals meant that more precise conclusions were not possible the much improved signal to noise ratio of ligo has made it possible to start claiming confirmation for these theoretical predictions 2 uniqueness of black holes edit artist s depiction of a black hole merger black holes as described in einstein s general relativity are completely characterized by their mass angular momentum or spin and electric charge masses of black holes are measured in terms of the mass of the sun or solar mass 12 the dimensionless spin parameter is between 0 and 1 13 where 0 denotes zero angular momentum and 1 denotes the maximum angular momentum possible for the given mass astrophysical black holes are generally thought to be electrically neutral meaning the charge is taken to be 0 14 if the charge and spin are zero the black hole is described by the schwarzschild metric with one free parameter the mass when only the charge is zero the black hole is described by the kerr metric which depends on two parameters the mass and the spin 15 the assertion that a single black hole in an otherwise empty universe is completely described by its mass spin and charge is known as the no hair theorem 16 17 in contrast a neutron star s gravitational field is sensitive to the exact internal assemblage of the interior neutron matter and possibly tiny mountains a few centimeters tall that would radiate gravitational waves if the neutron star were spinning a gravitational pulsar 18 deviations from it are possible but only under extreme conditions a binary black hole collision and merger is one such situation from just before the collision to shortly after the merger a complicated geometry is present but it quickly radiates away any perturbations from a spherical shape sending out gravitational waves and settling down to a no hair black hole see price s theorem like all waves these can be described in terms of a fundamental vibration modified by higher frequency lesser amplitude overtones 19 20 hawking s area theorem edit main article black hole thermodynamics laws of black hole mechanics although it has been possible since 2005 to calculate what happens in any given merger using methods developed by frans pretorius and others 19 21 no abstract solution that can be written down as a formula is known 22 as a consequence many properties of the post merger black hole can be inferred from computer simulations but can not be strictly proven mathematically in the 1970s roger penrose and stephen hawking found mathematical proofs that describe one aspect of the combined black hole that can be derived from einstein s field equations 23 9 in particular while the dynamics of merging of black holes may be complicated such as energy being radiated away in the form of gravitational waves and that the spin increasing in the merged which in turn can reduce the surface area hawking proved mathematically that the total surface area of the merged black hole must grow in size in the merger or remain the same 9 this similarity is key in ongoing attempts to develop a theory of quantum gravity 24 whereas the two black holes had a total surface area of about 240 000 square kilometers around the size of the united kingdom the final black hole sized about 400 000 square kilometers around the size of sweden 24 results from data analysis edit the ligo livingston observatory in 2009 gravitational wave astronomy is based on matching signals detected by an interferometer with waveform computations simulating black hole collisions or other wave emitting scenarios 25 in particular ligo and virgo have strongly limited non einsteinian theories of gravitation nevertheless a complete first principles predictions of the signal emitted by a black hole collision remains unknown only simplified solutions for the early and late portions of the signal have been obtained even so seeing new details of the einsteinian predictions are considered strong confirmations 26 before gw250114 confirmations of the broad aspects of black holes in general relativity had been found and a useful catalog of black hole mergers obtained 4 upgrades to ligo for o4 enabled a greater precision in identifying signals which has led to greater precision in the corresponding waveform analysis there were hints of kerr overtones and the hawking area theorem but the error bars prevented any definite claim 27 gw250114 was loud enough that the first kerr overtone was seen with high confidence and higher overtones with some hawking s area theorem in this case asserting that the merged area is greater than the sum of the two colliding black holes areas was confirmed 27 further analysis tightened the error bars on measurements and further constrained any possible deviations from the predictions of general relativity 28 29 gw250114 provides strong evidence that black holes are accurately described by general relativity 30 the merger was the clearest ever detected at the time of discovery 4 31 see also edit physics portal first observation of gravitational waves gw231123 another large gravitational wave event detected two years earlier list of gravitational wave observations references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 abac a g september 10 2025 supplement to gw250114 testing hawking s area law and the kerr nature of black holes pdf physical review letters 135 11 arxiv 2509 08054 doi 10 1103 kw5g d732 1 2 ten years later ligo is a black hole hunting machine massachusetts institute of technology september 10 2025 retrieved september 11 2025 1 2 akyüz aleyna correia alex garofalo jada kacanja keisi roy labani soni kanchan tan hung y vikas jadhav nitz alexander h august 11 2025 potential science with gw250114 the loudest binary black hole merger detected to date arxiv 2507 08789 gr qc 1 2 3 mingarelli chiara m f september 10 2025 landmark black hole test marks decade of gravitational wave discoveries physics 18 160 american physical society aps clearest signal of two merging black holes mpg retrieved september 11 2025 the ligo scientific collaboration the virgo collaboration the kagra collaboration september 9 2025 black hole spectroscopy and tests of general relativity with gw250114 arxiv 2509 08099 gr qc hawking and kerr black hole theories confirmed by gravitational wave phys org university of birmingham retrieved september 11 2025 hawking stephen may 24 1971 gravitational radiation from colliding black holes physical review letters 26 1344 doi 10 1103 physrevlett 26 1344 1 2 3 gravitational wave detection verifies stephen hawking s theorem northwestern news retrieved september 12 2025 clavin whitney ten years later ligo is a black hole hunting machine ligo lab caltech ligo virgo kagra collaboration communications group retrieved september 14 2025 maenaut simon carullo gregorio cano pablo a et al november 26 2024 ringdown analysis of rotating black holes in effective field theory extensions of general relativity arxiv 2411 17893 gr qc it is said that most black holes likely have spin what exactly is it that spins astronomy magazine july 22 2019 retrieved september 12 2025 nicioli taylor november 28 2023 our galaxy s black hole spins fast and drags space time with it scientists say cnn retrieved september 12 2025 zajacek michal tursunov arman eckart andreas britzen silke august 2009 on the charge of the galactic centre black hole monthly notices of the royal astronomical society retrieved october 2 2025 morales herrera g ortega ruiz p momennia m et al 2024 mass charge and distance to reissner nordström black hole in terms of directly measurable quantities eur phys j c 84 525 525 arxiv 2401 07112 bibcode 2024epjc 84 525m doi 10 1140 epjc s10052 024 12880 w ashtekar abhay april 15 2015 the simplicity of black holes physics 8 15 34 arxiv 1503 03240 doi 10 1103 physrevlett 114 151102 pmid 25933302 qiu arthur the classical no hair theorems pdf university of toronto retrieved september 12 2025 gittins fabian 2024 gravitational waves from neutron star mountains classical and quantum gravity 41 4 043001 arxiv 2401 01670 bibcode 2024cqgra 41d3001g doi 10 1088 1361 6382 ad1c35 1 2 centrella joan baker john g kelly bernard j van meter james r november 16 2010 black hole binaries gravitational waves and numerical relativity reviews of modern physics 82 4 3069 3119 arxiv 1010 5260 bibcode 2010rvmp 82 3069c doi 10 1103 revmodphys 82 3069 ori amos thorne kip s november 28 2000 transition from inspiral to plunge for a compact body in a circular equatorial orbit around a massive spinning black hole physical review d 62 12 article no 124022 arxiv gr qc 0003032 bibcode 2000phrvd 62l4022o doi 10 1103 physrevd 62 124022 pretorius frans september 14 2005 evolution of binary black hole spacetimes physical review letters 95 12 121101 arxiv gr qc 0507014 bibcode 2005phrvl 95l1101p doi 10 1103 physrevlett 95 121101 pmid 16197061 solving stephen hawking s black hole paradox has raised new mysteries new scientist retrieved september 12 2025 hawking stephen william penrose roger january 27 1970 the singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology proceedings of the royal society of london a mathematical and physical sciences 314 1519 529 548 bibcode 1970rspsa 314 529h doi 10 1098 rspa 1970 0021 1 2 ouellette jennifer september 11 2025 new black hole merger bolsters hawking area theorem ars technica retrieved september 13 2025 zhao tianyu lyu ruoxi wang he cao zhoujian ren zhixiang august 11 2023 space based gravitational wave signal detection and extraction with deep neural network communications physics 6 1 212 arxiv 2207 07414 bibcode 2023cmphy 6 212z doi 10 1038 s42005 023 01334 6 issn 2399 3650 will clifford m yunes nicolás 2020 is einstein still right black holes gravitational waves and the quest to verify einstein s greatest creation oxford oxford university press isbn 9780198842125 1 2 abac a g et al september 10 2025 gw250114 testing hawking s area law and the kerr nature of black holes physical review letters 135 11 111403 arxiv 2509 08054 doi 10 1103 kw5g d732 abac adrian et al january 29 2026 black hole spectroscopy and tests of general relativity with gw250114 physical review letters 136 041403 doi 10 1103 6c61 fm1n hdl 10261 427936 wilkinson ryan january 29 2026 general relativity survives a tough trial physics 19 2 american physical society lea robert september 10 2025 gravitational wave detector confirms theories of einstein and hawking this is the clearest view yet of the nature of black holes space retrieved september 12 2025 akyüz aleyna correia alex garofalo jada kacanja keisi roy labani soni kanchan tan hung y vikas jadhav nitz alexander h july 11 2025 potential science with gw250114 the loudest binary black hole merger detected to date synthical retrieved september 12 2025 v t e 2025 in space 2024 2026 space probe and telescope launches hakuto r mission 2 january blue ghost mission 1 january im 2 february spherex march tianwen 2 may interstellar mapping and acceleration probe september space weather observations september carruthers geocorona observatory september selected neos asteroid close approaches 2020 pn 1 2024 yr 4 2025 gn 1 2025 pn 7 2025 sc 79 2025 tf 2025 uc 11 2025 pu discoveries 128 moons of saturn 2 moons of jupiter s 2017 j 10 s 2017 j 11 1 moon of uranus uranus xxviii 2017 of 201 2020 vn 40 2023 kq 14 altieri s lens askap j1832 0911 atmospheric structure of wasp 121b betelgeuse companion...