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gaṅgeśa wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 life 2 teachings toggle teachings subsection 2 1 perception 2 2 inference 2 3 the tattvacintāmaṇi 3 see also 4 notes 5 external links toggle the table of contents gaṅgeśa 12 languages অসমীয়া ελληνικά galego हिन्दी kreyòl ayisyen ಕನ್ನಡ bahasa melayu polski русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from gangesha upadhyaya 14th century indian philosopher logician and mathematician gangesha गङ्गेश born gangesha occupations philosopher and logician philosophical work region mithila region school nyaya school of indian philosophy language sanskrit notable works navya nyaya school of indian philosophy tattvachintāmaṇi notable ideas new logic part of a series on hindu philosophy orthodox samkhya yoga nyaya vaisheshika mīmāṃsā vedanta heterodox charvaka ājīvika buddhism jainism ajñana sub schools smartist advaita vaishnavite bhedabheda vishishtadvaita dvaita shuddhadvaita achintya bheda abheda svabhavika bhedabheda mahanubhava ekasarana dharma akshar purushottam darshan shaivite shaiva siddhanta pratyabhijna panchartika pramanavada shakti vishishtadvaita shiva bhedabeda shiva advaita neo vedanta integral yoga acharyas teachers acharyas by school nyaya akṣapāda gotama jayanta bhatta raghunatha siromani mīmāṃsā jaimini kumārila bhaṭṭa prabhākara advaita mayavada gaudapada vāchaspati misra adi shankara vishishtadvaita ramanuja vedanta desika dvaita tattvavada madhvacharya jayatirtha vyasatirtha shuddhadvaita vallabha vitthalanatha gokulanatha achintya bheda abheda chaitanya mahaprabhu svabhavika bhedabheda nimbarka srinivasacharya purushottam keshav kashmiri harivyas devacharya mahanubhava chakradhara ekasarana dharma sankardev akshar purushottam darshan swaminarayan tantra shakta abhinavagupta nigamananda paramahansa ramprasad sen bamakhepa kamalakanta bhattacharya anandamayi ma neo vedanta vivekananda sri aurobindo radhakrishnan others samkhya kapila yoga patanjali vaisheshika kaṇāda prashastapada secular valluvar major texts śruti smṛti vedas rigveda yajurveda samaveda atharvaveda upanishads principal upanishads minor upanishads other scriptures bhagavad gita agama hinduism vachanamrut shastras and sutras brahma sutras samkhya sutras mimamsa sutras nyāya sūtras vaiśeṣika sūtra yoga sutras pramana sutras puranas dharmaśāstra arthashastra kama sutra naalayira divya prabandham tirumurai shiva samhita secular ethics kural hinduism other indian philosophies v t e gaṅgeśa sanskrit गङ्गेश gaṅgeśa first half of the 14th century was an indian philosopher logician and mathematician from the kingdom of mithila he established the navya nyāya new logic school his tattvachintāmaṇi the jewel of thought on the nature of things also known as pramāṇacintāmaṇi the jewel of thought on the means of valid knowledge is the basic text for all later developments the logicians of this school were primarily interested in defining their terms and concepts related to non binary logical categories life edit gaṅgeśa was a native of the mithila region in modern day bihar 1 he seems to have been born and raised in a village called chadana however this is no longer identifiable he later lived in the village of karion the same village that fellow philosopher udayana came from which is twelve miles southeast of the city of darbhanga 2 scholars have struggled to find an accurate date for gaṅgeśa with the most common estimate placing him in the late thirteenth century however recent opinion now places him in the fourteenth century 1 teachings edit gaṅgeśa s work is mainly focused on epistemology although he does rely on ontological systems in his analyses he inherits his thoughts from his predecessor udayana which he incorporates into his navya nyāya system in his exploration of causal relationships gaṅgeśa identifies several categories of possible referents that play a role in understanding causality these categories are grounded in the relationships between causes and effects and they include 3 inherence samavāya this refers to the inseparable relationship between a substance and its qualities or actions for instance the colour of a pot is inherently related to the pot itself non inherence asamavāya this category involves relationships that are not direct but still play a crucial role in causal connections such as the colour of threads contributing to the colour of the cloth non existence abhāva gaṅgeśa also discusses the concept of non existence as a possible referent in causal relations non existence can refer to the absence of a cause or an effect which plays a crucial role in understanding why certain effects do not occur 3 perception edit gaṅgeśa provides a detailed account of perception pratyakṣa as a fundamental means of knowledge acquisition he categorises perception into two types sensory perception this type refers to the direct contact between sense organs and external objects leading to knowledge gaṅgeśa s analysis of perception involves understanding how the senses apprehend various qualities of objects such as colour or sound extraordinary perception alaukika pratyakṣa while the article touches on gaṅgeśa s understanding of perception primarily in a sensory context he also discusses the possibility of extraordinary perception which occurs in situations that go beyond ordinary sensory experiences 3 inference edit inference anumāna is another critical method of knowledge in gaṅgeśa s philosophy gaṅgeśa defines inference as a process that allows one to draw conclusions based on observed relationships he distinguishes between two types of inference inference for oneself svārthānumāna this type of inference is used by an individual to arrive at knowledge independently based on their own observations and reasoning inference for others parārthānumāna this type of inference is presented in a way that can be communicated to others providing a logical basis for convincing others of a particular conclusion gaṅgeśa s analysis of inference includes an examination of the conditions under which inferences are valid focusing on the relationship between the observed evidence and the conclusion drawn from it 3 the tattvacintāmaṇi edit main article tattvacintāmaṇi the founding text of navya nyaya is divided into four khaṇḍas books pratyakṣakhaṇḍa book on perception anumānakhaṇḍa book on inference upamānakhaṇḍa book on comparison and śabdakhaṇḍa book on verbal testimony the first book opens with a salutation to shiva 4 the tattvacintāmaṇi t c is a systematic account of epistemology logic and the philosophy of grammar other subjects such as the proofs of god are treated incidentally gangesa refers to his own teachings as the new nyaya this term new nyaya is not to be understood as implying any great originality in theory on gangesa s part but rather originality in method his work differs from the oldest nyaya in that he accepts many tenets of the vaisesika school and in his arrangement of nyaya teachings under four headings rather than under the 16 subjects padartha of the old nyaya the newness of gangesa s method is newness of style and of organization he is far more precise more careful to define his terms than were his predecessors these virtues of his work are responsible for the fact that perhaps half of navya nyaya literature is based either directly on the t c or on a commentary on the t c 5 see also edit indian philosophers indian mathematicians nyaya notes edit 1 2 potter karl 1970 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies volume 6 motilal banarsidass pp 85 86 isbn 978 81 208 0894 2 vidyabhusana satis chandra 1920 a history of indian logic ancient mediaeval and modern schools delhi motilal banarsidass pp 405 6 isbn 9788120805651 cite book isbn date incompatibility help 1 2 3 4 gaṅgeśa stanford encyclopaedia of philosophy 2024 vidyabhusana satis chandra 1920 a history of indian logic ancient mediaeval and modern schools delhi motilal banarsidass p 407 isbn 9788120805651 cite book isbn date incompatibility help ingalls daniel henry holmes 1951 materials for the study of navya nyāya logic delhi motilal banarsidass pp 5 6 isbn 9788120803848 cite book isbn date incompatibility help external links edit phillips stephen gaṅgeśa in zalta edward n ed stanford encyclopedia of philosophy issn 1095 5054 oclc 429049174 ganeri jonardon analytic philosophy in early modern india in zalta edward n ed stanford encyclopedia of philosophy issn 1095 5054 oclc 429049174 v t e indian mathematics mathematicians ancient apastamba baudhayana katyayana manava pāṇini pingala yajnavalkya classical āryabhaṭa i āryabhaṭa ii bhāskara i bhāskara ii melpathur narayana bhattathiri brahmadeva brahmagupta govindasvāmi halayudha jyeṣṭhadeva kamalakara mādhava of saṅgamagrāma mahāvīra mahendra sūri munishvara narayana parameshvara achyuta pisharati jagannatha samrat nilakantha somayaji śrīpati sridhara gangesha upadhyaya varāhamihira sankara variar virasena modern srinivasa ramanujan satyendra nath bose p c mahalanobis subrahmanyan chandrasekhar c r rao veeravalli s varadarajan s r srinivasa varadhan k r parthasarathy probabilist m s narasimhan c s seshadri harish chandra subbayya sivasankaranarayana pillai tilak raj prabhakar manjul bhargava akshay venkatesh ravi vakil kannan soundararajan shanti swarup bhatnagar prize recipients in mathematical science treatises aryabhatiya bakhshali manuscript bijaganita brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta ganita kaumudi grahalaghava kanakkusaram karanapaddhati līlāvatī lokavibhaga pātīgaṇita paulisa siddhanta paitamaha siddhanta romaka siddhanta sadratnamala siddhānta shiromani śulba sūtras surya siddhanta tantrasamgraha vasishtha siddhanta veṇvāroha yuktibhāṣā yavanajataka pioneering innovations brahmi numerals hindu arabic numeral system symbol for zero 0 infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions centres kerala school of astronomy and mathematics jantar mantar jaipur new delhi ujjain varanasi historians of mathematics bapudeva sastri 1821 1900 shankar balakrishna dikshit 1853 1898 sudhakara dvivedi 1855 1910 m rangacarya 1861 1916 p c sengupta 1876 1962 b b datta 1888 1958 t hayashi a a krishnaswamy ayyangar 1892 1953 a n singh 1901 1954 c t rajagopal 1903 1978 t a saraswati amma 1918 2000 s n sen 1918 1992 k s shukla 1918 2007 k v sarma 1919 2005 translators walter eugene clark henry thomas colebrooke david pingree other regions babylon china greece islamic mathematics europe modern institutions indian statistical institute bhaskaracharya pratishthana chennai mathematical institute institute of mathematical sciences indian institute of science harish chandra research institute homi bhabha centre for science education ramanujan institute for advanced study in mathematics tifr authority control databases international isni viaf 2 gnd national united states france bnf data netherlands norway israel academics cinii people ddb other idref yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title gaṅgeśa oldid 1342910437 categories 13th century indian mathematicians 13th century indian philosophers epistemologists indian logicians nyaya scientists from bihar philosophers of mithila people from darbhanga district scholars from bihar 14th century indian mathematicians sanskrit and vedic learning in mithila hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata use british english from march 2017 all wikipedia articles written in british english use dmy dates from march 2017 articles with hcards pages using sidebar with the child parameter articles containing sanskrit language text cs1 errors isbn date this page was last edited on 11 march 2026 at 07 15 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents gaṅgeśa 12 languages add topic