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allen wrote rape warfare the hidden genocide in bosnia herzegovina and croatia in which the term genocidal rape was first introduced she used the term to describe the actions of the serbian armed forces who had a policy of rape with the intention of genocide 60 in her book she compares genocidal rape to biological warfare 61 during the conflict in bosnia allen gave a definition of genocidal rape as a military policy of rape for the purpose of genocide currently practiced in bosnia herzegovina and croatia by the yugoslav army the bosnian serb forces and the irregular serb forces known as chetniks 62 coverage of the mass rapes during the ethnic cleansing carried out by the serbian forces in the 1990s began the analysis over the use of rape as a part of genocide catharine mackinnon argues that the mass rapes during the conflict were a simultaneous expression of misogyny and genocide and argues that rape can be used as a form of extermination note 3 11 63 the acts of violence which were committed against women during the partition of india have also been cited as examples of genocidal rape dyan mazurana et al argued that the patterns of rape and sexual violence carried out in the tigray war by the endf the edf and amhara regional militia and special forces against tigrayan civilians are consistent with acts of genocide potentially conducted with the intent of destroying the tigrayan people 64 see also outline of genocide studies footnotes any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part a national ethnical racial or religious group as such a killing members of the group b causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group c deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part d imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group e forcibly transferring children of the group to another group convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide art ii in the context of genocide violence against women may be aimed at the destruction of the integrity of the group through its women who embody its genetic and cultural continuity it is also rape unto death rape as massacre rape to kill and to make the victims wish they were dead it is rape as an instrument of forced exile rape to make you leave your home and never want to go back it is rape to be seen and heard and watched and told to others rape as spectacle it is rape to drive a wedge through a community to shatter a society to destroy a people it is rape as genocide references totten bartrop 2007 pp 159 160 barsoumian nanore 7 december 2011 devilish marks and rape in the time of genocide the armenian weekly retrieved 4 october 2022 1 2 shirinian george 2017 background to the late ottoman genocides genocide in the ottoman empire armenians assyrians and greeks 1913 1923 berghahn books p 55 isbn 9781785334337 deadly bands of çetes organized brigands especially those led by topal osman had been engaged in continuous shooting plundering and raping of the defenseless greek villagers in the pontus region with kemal s support they stepped up their campaign with the objective of clearing the greeks from the region by massacring the greek population in cities such as trebizond amasya pafra merzifon and many others 1 2 morris ze evi 2019 p 390 morris ze evi 2019 p 499 gaunt atto barthoma 2017 p 47 1 2 yacoub 2016 p 42 sexual violence in the holocaust perspectives from ghettos and camps in ukraine heinrich böll stiftung kyiv ukraine heinrich böll stiftung povijest doma www lobor grad hr archived from the original on 25 april 2017 retrieved 22 october 2025 ustaša fascist regime genocide war crimes britannica www britannica com retrieved 22 october 2025 1 2 3 4 sharlach 2000 pp 92 93 1 2 sajjad 2012 p 225 ghadbian 2002 p 111 mookherjee 2012 p 68 hayden robert m 2000 rape and rape avoidance in ethno national conflicts sexual violence in liminalized states american anthropologist 102 1 27 41 doi 10 1525 aa 2000 102 1 27 jstor 683536 doja albert 2025 how to think about the instrumental politics of mass rape a critical appraisal of feminist approaches the international journal of human rights 29 1 74 sharlach 2000 p 90 sri lanka rape of tamil detainees human rights watch 26 february 2013 retrieved 10 august 2024 1 2 miller 2009 p 53 fisher 1996 pp 91 133 sharlach 2000 pp 89 102 totten bartrop 2007 p 159 mackinnon 2006 pp 209 233 bisaz 2012 pp 90 91 resolution 1820 2008 adopted by the security council at its 5916th meeting on 19 june 2008 pdf united nations 19 june 2008 retrieved 17 october 2022 smith spark 2004 1 2 3 leaning bartels mowafi 2009 p 174 derderian 2005 p 1 1 2 derderian 2005 pp 5 6 genocide watch ten stages of genocide archived from the original on 1 august 2019 retrieved 1 august 2019 smith 2013 p 94 ihrig stefan 2016 justifying genocide germany and the armenians from bismark to hitler harvard university press pp 200 201 isbn 978 0 674 50479 0 barsoumian nanore 7 december 2011 devilish marks and rape in the time of genocide the armenian weekly retrieved 13 october 2022 derderian 2005 p 2 derderian 2005 p 4 derderian 2005 pp 13 14 derderian 2005 pp 10 11 morris ze evi 2019 p 386 morris ze evi 2019 p 389 morris ze evi 2019 p 372 gaunt atto barthoma 2017 p 25 morris ze evi 2019 p 378 yacoub 2016 p 158 gaunt atto barthoma 2017 p 156 1 2 poloni staudinger ortbals 2012 p 21 joeden forgey 2010 p 74 saikia 2011b p 157 riedel 2011 p 10 brownmiller 1975 p 83 rothe 2009 p 53 jones 2006 p 329 paragraph 2 p 1012 judgment international military tribunal for the far east japanese imperialism and the massacre in nanjing chapter x widespread incidents of rape museums cnd org retrieved 6 march 2011 a debt of blood an eyewitness account of the barbarous acts of the japanese invaders in nanjing 7 february 1938 dagong daily wuhan edition museums cnd org gao xingzu wu shimin hu yungong cha ruizhen japanese imperialism 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anne marie 2010 introduction in anne marie de brouwer sandra ka hon chu ed the men who killed me rwandan survivors of sexual violence douglas mcintyre isbn 978 1553653103 derderian katharine 2005 common fate different experience gender specific aspects of the armenian genocide 1915 1917 holocaust and genocide studies 19 1 1 25 doi 10 1093 hgs dci001 pmid 20684092 eftekhari shiva 2004 rwanda struggling to survive barriers to justice for rape victims in rwanda human rights watch fielding leila 2012 female génocidaires what was the nature and motivations for hutu female grin verlag isbn 978 3656324409 fisher siobhán k 1996 occupation of the womb forced impregnation as genocide duke law journal 46 1 91 133 doi 10 2307 1372967 jstor 1372967 gaunt david atto naures barthoma soner a 2017 let them not return sayfo the genocide against the assyrian syriac and chaldean christians in the ottoman empire berghahn books isbn 9781785334993 ghadbian najib 2002 political islam inclusion or violence in 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waal alex burns delia 10 august 2021 what rape as a weapon of war in tigray really means world peace foundation archived from the original on 27 october 2021 retrieved 20 november 2021 morris benny ze evi dror 24 april 2019 the thirty year genocide turkey s destruction of its christian minorities harvard university press isbn 9780674916456 mookherjee nayanika 2012 mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the bangladesh war of 1971 in raphaelle branche fabrice virgili eds rape in wartime palgrave macmillan isbn 978 0 230 36399 1 poloni staudinger lori ortbals candice d 2012 rape as a weapon of war and genocide terrorism and violent conflict women s agency leadership and responses springer isbn 978 1461456407 riedel bruce o 2011 deadly embrace pakistan america and the future of the global jihad brookings institution isbn 978 0 8157 0557 4 rothe dawn 2009 state criminality the crime of all crimes lexington books isbn 978 0739126721 russell brown sherrie l 2003 rape as an act of genocide berkeley journal of international law 21 2 archived from the original on 3 september 2017 retrieved 14 august 2013 saikia yasmin 2011b war as history humanity in violence women men and memories of 1971 east pakistan bangladesh in elizabeth d heineman ed sexual violence in conflict zones from the ancient world to the era of human rights university of pennsylvania press pp 152 170 isbn 978 0 8122 4318 5 sajjad tazreena 2012 the post genocidal period and its impact on women in samuel totten ed plight and fate of women during and following genocide reprint ed transaction pp 219 248 isbn 978 1412847599 sharlach lisa 2000 rape as genocide bangladesh the former yugoslavia and rwanda new political science 1 22 89 102 doi 10 1080 713687893 s2cid 144966485 smith roger w 2013 genocide and the politics of rape in joyce apsel ernesto verdeja ed genocide matters ongoing issues and emerging perspectives routledge pp 82 105 isbn 978 0415814966 smith spark laura 8 december 2004 how did rape become a weapon of war british broadcasting corporation retrieved 29 december 2013 totten samuel bartrop paul r 2007 dictionary of genocide greenwood isbn 978 0313329678 vetlesen arne johan 2005 evil and human agency understanding collective evildoing cambridge university press isbn 978 0521673570 yacoub joseph 2016 year of the sword the assyrian christian genocide a history oxford university press isbn 9780190633462 further reading askin kelly dawn 1997 war crimes against women prosecution in international war crimes tribunals martinus nijhoff publishers isbn 978 90 411 0486 1 ruby reid cunningham allison 2008 rape as a weapon of genocide genocide studies and prevention 3 3 279 296 doi 10 3138 gsp 3 3 279 s2cid 146514994 schott robin may 2011 war rape natality and genocide journal of genocide research 13 1 2 5 21 doi 10 1080 14623528 2011 559111 pmid 21941691 s2cid 23484933 v t e genocide genocides chronological list before 1490 destruction of carthage 146 bce asiatic vespers 88 bce gauls 50s bce eburones bar kokhba 132 136 ancestral puebloans 800s harrying of the north 1069 1070 mongol conquests 1200s 1360s cathars 1209 1229 mongols in the delhi sultanate 1311 timurid conquests 1393 1394 guanches 1402 1496 1490 to 1912 taíno 1493 1550 jaragua massacre 1503 ainu 1500s indigenous peoples in brazil 11th parallel massacre 1963 tanaru 1970s 2009 helmet massacre 1988 akuntsu 1990 haximu 1993 yanomami 2019 2023 aztecs 1521 kashmiri shias 1548 1872 huguenots 1572 kalinago 1626 indigenous peoples in the united states pequots 1636 1638 beaver wars 1609 1701 huron sullivan expedition 1779 indian removal 1830 1847 trail of tears 1830 1850 california 1846 1873 dakota 1862 osage indian murders 1918 1931 cultural genocide indigenous peoples in canada beaver wars 1609 1701 beothuk 1700s 1800s residential school system 1874 1996 jews in the cossack hetmanate 1648 1657 1740 batavia massacre 1740 great gypsy round up 1749 dzungars 1750s rebellion of túpac amaru ii 1780 1783 chechens 1785 2017 french hatians 1804 meiteis 1819 1826 indigenous peoples in australia black war 1825 1832 stolen generations 1869 1977 missing and murdered indigenous women pacification of algeria 1830 1875 el ouffia charrúa 1831 moriori 1835 assyrians in hakkari 1843 1846 manchus 1850 1864 circassians 1860s mapuche 1870s 1884 indigenous peoples in putumayo 1879 1913 congolese 1885 1908 hazaras 1888 1893 selknam 1890s 1900s hamidian massacres 1894 1896 herero and nama 1904 1907 ukame 1905 1907 persecution of muslims during the ottoman contraction albanians in the balkan wars 1912 1913 1913 to 1945 late ottoman genocides greeks 1913 1923 pontic greeks thracian bulgarians 1913 assyrians 1915 1919 armenians 1915 1917 christians in diyarbekir 1915 kurds 1916 1934 indigenous peoples in venezuela pemon kyrgyz 1916 1917 jews during the russian civil war 1917 1920 russian white terror cossacks 1919 1933 ingrian finns 1920s 1930s volga tatars and germans 1921 1922 kantō massacre 1923 napalpí massacre 1924 swiss yenish sinti and manouche 1926 1973 japanese war crimes in the pacific war manchukuo 1931 1945 nanjing massacre 1937 1938 three alls policy 1940 1942 sook ching 1942 nanshitou massacre 1942 1945 libyan arabs 1929 1934 kazakhs 1930 1933 la matanza 1932 holodomor 1932 1933 simele massacre 1933 romani holocaust 1935 1945 spanish white terror 1936 1947 yekatit 12 1937 polish operation 1937 1938 alevi kurds 1937 1938 parsley massacre 1937 generalplan ost 1939 1945 poland baltic lands croatia czech lands ukraine hunger plan the holocaust 1941 1945 german atrocities committed against soviet pows 1941 1945 serbs in croatia 1941 1945 muslims and croats in yugoslavia 1941 1945 chechens and ingush 1944 1948 crimean tatars 1944 1948 1946 to 1999 sikhs and hindus in rawalpindi 1947 hyderabadi muslims 1948 sixties scoop 1951 1985 missing and murdered indigenous women indigenous peoples in paraguay 1956 1989 maya 1962 1996 papua 1962 arab and indian zanzibaris 1964 igbos 1966 biafra ...