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m wikipedia the free encyclopedia island of cyprus redirects here for the country see cyprus cyprus κύπρος greek kýpros kıbrıs turkish satellite image of cyprus in 2022 location of cyprus geography location mediterranean sea coordinates 34 n 33 e 34 n 33 e 34 33 largest city nicosia area 9 251 km 2 3 572 sq mi coastline 648 km 402 6 mi highest elevation 1 952 m 6404 ft highest point mount olympus administration republic of cyprus capital and largest city nicosia area covered 5 896 km 2 2 276 sq mi 63 7 turkish republic of northern cyprus capital and largest city north nicosia area covered 3 355 km 2 1 295 sq mi 36 3 sovereign base areas of akrotiri and dhekelia british overseas territory capital and largest settlement episkopi cantonment area covered 254 km 2 98 sq mi 2 7 demographics population 1 326 108 2025 population rank 51st pop density 138 km 2 357 sq mi languages greek cypriot greek turkish cypriot turkish cypriot arabic english armenian kurbet cypriot sign ethnic groups greek cypriots turkish cypriots turkish settlers armenian cypriots lebanese cypriots indians romani british russians jews additional information time zone eastern european time utc 2 summer dst eastern european summer time utc 3 cyprus is an island in the eastern basin of the mediterranean sea it is the third largest island in the mediterranean after the italian islands of sicily and sardinia and the 80th largest island in the world by area it is located south of the anatolian peninsula and belongs to the cyprus arc 1 geographically cyprus is located in west asia 2 but the country is considered a european country in political geography 3 cyprus also had lengthy periods of mainly greek and intermittent anatolian levantine byzantine ottoman and western european influence the island is dominated by two mountain ranges the troodos mountains and the kyrenia mountains or pentadaktylos and the central plain the mesaoria between them 4 the troodos mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area 4 the narrow kyrenia range extends along the northern coastline 4 it is not as high as the troodos mountains and it occupies substantially less area 4 the two mountain ranges run generally parallel to the taurus mountains on the turkish mainland the outlines of which are visible from northern cyprus 4 coastal lowlands varying in width surround the island 4 geopolitically the island is divided into four segments the republic of cyprus the only internationally recognized government governs the southern 60 of the island and has been a member state of the european union since 1 may 2004 the turkish republic of northern cyprus diplomatically recognized only by turkey occupies the northern third of the island which is around 36 of the territory the united nations controlled green line is a buffer zone that separates the two and it is about 4 lastly two areas akrotiri and dhekelia remain under british sovereignty for military purposes collectively forming the sovereign base areas of akrotiri and dhekelia sba the sbas are located on the southern coast of the island and together encompass 254 km 2 or 2 8 of the island 5 terrain edit skouriotissa mine topography detailed map of cyprus there are three distinct geologic regions on the island in the central and western part of the island is the troodos massif a mountain range whose surface layer is mostly basaltic lava rock and whose maximum elevation is 1 952 m 6 404 ft running in a thin arc along the northeast margin of the island is cyprus s second mountain range a limestone formation called the kyrenia range the space between these ranges is home to the capital nicosia visible as a grayish brown patch near the image s centre citation needed the rugged troodos mountains whose principal range stretches from pomos point in the northwest almost to larnaca bay on the east are the single most conspicuous feature of the landscape 4 intensive uplifting and folding in the formative period left the area highly fragmented so that subordinate ranges and spurs veer off at many angles their slopes incised by steep sided valleys 4 in the southwest the mountains descend in a series of stepped foothills to the coastal plain 4 while the troodos mountains are a massif formed of molten igneous rock the kyrenia range is a narrow limestone ridge that rises suddenly from the plains 4 its easternmost extension becomes a series of foothills on the karpas peninsula 4 that peninsula points toward asia minor to which cyprus belongs geologically 4 the kyrenia range is also known as the pentadactylon mountains due to a summit resembling five fingers even the highest peaks of the kyrenia range are hardly more than half the height of the great dome of the troodos massif mount olympus 1 952 m or 6 404 ft 6 but their seemingly inaccessible jagged slopes make them considerably more spectacular 4 british writer lawrence durrell in bitter lemons wrote of the troodos as an unlovely jumble of crags and heavyweight rocks and of the kyrenia range as belonging to the world of gothic europe its lofty crags studded with crusader castles 4 rich copper deposits were discovered in antiquity on the slopes of the troodos 4 the massive sulphide deposits formed as a part of an ophiolite complex at a spreading centre under the mediterranean sea which was tectonically uplifted during the pleistocene and emplaced in its current location 7 drainage edit in much of the island access to a year round supply of water is difficult 4 this is traditionally attributed to deforestation which damaged the island s drainage system through erosion 4 but grove and rackham question this view 8 a network of winter rivers rises in the troodos mountains and flows out from them in all directions 4 the yialias river and the pedhieos river flow eastward across the mesaoria into famagusta bay the serraghis river flows northwest through the morphou plain 4 all of the island s rivers however are dry in the summer 4 an extensive system of dams and waterways has been constructed to bring water to farming areas 4 the central mesaoria plain is the agricultural heartland of the island but its productiveness for wheat and barley depends very much on winter rainfall other crops are grown under irrigation 4 this broad central plain open to the sea at either end was once covered with rich forests however the timber was needed by ancient conquerors for their sailing vessels so little evidence of the woodland remains 4 the now divided capital of the island nicosia lies in the middle of this central plain 4 natural vegetation edit cyprus countryside on the way to troodos mountains during the summer despite its small size cyprus has a variety of natural vegetation this includes forests of conifers and broadleaved trees such as pine pinus brutia cedar cypresses and oaks ancient authors write that most of cyprus even messaoria was heavily forested and there are still considerable forests on the troodos and kyrenia ranges and locally at lower altitudes about 12 of the whole island is classified as woodland where there is no forest tall shrub communities of golden oak quercus alnifolia strawberry tree arbutus andrachne terebinth pistacia terebinthus olive olea europaea kermes oak quercus coccifera and styrax styrax officinalis are found but such maquis is uncommon over most of the island untilled ground bears a grazed covering of garrigue largely composed of low bushes of cistus genista sphacelata calicotome villosa lithospermum hispidulum phagnalon rupestre and locally pistacia lentiscus where grazing is excessive this covering is soon reduced and an impoverished batha remains consisting principally of thymus capitatus sarcopoterium spinosum and a few stunted herbs climate edit main article climate of cyprus sandstorm in the levant october 19 2002 the intense mediterranean climate warm and rather dry with rainfall mainly between november and march favours agriculture 4 in general the island experiences extremely mild wet winters and dry hot summers 4 variations in temperature and rainfall are governed by altitude and to a lesser extent distance from the coast 4 hot dry summers from mid may to mid september and rainy rather changeable winters from november to mid march are separated by short autumn and spring seasons area and boundaries edit area total 9 251 km 2 of which 5 896 km 2 2 276 sq mi are under the control of the republic of cyprus and of which 3 355 km 2 1 295 sq mi are under the administration of the turkish republic of northern cyprus neighbouring territories include turkey 75 kilometres 47 mi to the north lebanon and syria to the northeast 105 and 108 kilometres 65 and 67 mi respectively israel 200 kilometres 124 mi to the southeast egypt 380 kilometres 236 mi to the south and greece to the west 280 kilometres 174 mi to the small dodecanesian island of kastellorizo 400 kilometres 249 mi to rhodes and 800 kilometres 497 mi to the greek mainland land 9 241 km 2 water 10 km 2 municipalities and communities map of cyprus district map of cyprus land boundaries 0 km coastline 648 km maritime claims territorial sea 12 nmi 22 2 km 13 8 mi continental shelf 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone 98 707 km 2 38 111 mi 2 elevation extremes lowest point mediterranean sea 0 m highest point olympus 1 952 m 6 resource and land use edit natural resources copper pyrite asbestos gypsum timber salt marble clay earth pigment land use arable land 9 90 permanent crops 3 24 other 86 86 2012 irrigated land 457 9 km 2 2007 total renewable water resources 0 78 km 3 2011 freshwater withdrawal domestic industrial agricultural total 0 18 km 3 yr 10 3 86 per capital 164 7 m 3 yr 2009 population density of cyprus 2023 environmental concerns edit natural hazards moderate earthquake activity droughts environment current issues water resource problems no natural reservoir catchments seasonal disparity in rainfall sea water intrusion to island s largest aquifer increased salination in the north water pollution from sewage and industrial wastes coastal degradation loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization environment international agreements party to air pollution air pollution persistent organic pollutants biodiversity climate change climate change kyoto protocol endangered species environmental modification hazardous wastes law of the sea marine dumping nuclear test ban ozone layer protection ship pollution wetlands signed but not ratified none see also edit geology of cyprus list of cyprus islets list of dams and reservoirs in cyprus list of rivers of cyprus references edit shimon wdowinski research eastern mediterranean faculty fiu edu unsd methodology unstats un org cyprus central intelligence agency june 10 2025 archived from the original on january 9 2021 via cia gov 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 solsten eric ed 1993 cyprus a country study 4th ed washington d c federal research division library of congress pp 50 53 isbn 0 8444 0752 6 oclc 27014039 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain cyprus united kingdom akrotiri and dhekelia maritime boundary sovereign limits retrieved 2025 07 22 1 2 country profile climate official website of the embassy of the republic of cyprus in washington d c archived from the original on 2012 02 05 retrieved 2006 10 11 cyprus geologic survey archived 2017 01 18 at the wayback machine a t grove oliver rackham the nature of mediterranean europe an ecological history yale 2001 isbn 0 300 08443 9 attribution this article incorporates public domain material from cyprus the world factbook 2022 ed cia retrieved 25 september 2022 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to geography of cyprus wikivoyage has a travel guide for cyprus island official cyprus government web site archived 2006 05 08 at the wayback machine embassy of greece usa cyprus geographical and historical background v t e cyprus articles history prehistoric alasiya eteocypriot cypro minoan syllabary cypriot syllabary ancient neo assyrian empire ten city kingdoms achaemenid persian empire ionian revolt ptolemaic dynasty roman cyprus diaspora revolt medieval byzantine cyprus arab empire crusades kingdom venetian rule modern ottoman rule cyprus convention british cyprus governors post 1878 overview enosis taksim intercommunal violence akrotiri and dhekelia turkish invasion refugees cyprus problem cypriot s 300 crisis annan plan eu accession geography cities towns and villages climate districts earthquakes islands lakes mountains rivers wildlife politics chief justice constitution corruption cyprus problem northern cyprus un resolutions elections foreign relations human rights lgbt rights military chief police political parties president economy agriculture banks energy stock exchange telecommunications tourism trade unions transport 2012 2013 cypriot financial crisis society cypriot nationality law languages education health covid 19 pandemic and delta cron hybrid variant name poverty public holidays religion culture art cinema cuisine wine culture of greece literature media music sport world heritage sites demographics greek cypriots diaspora greek cypriots in northern cyprus turkish cypriots linobambaki diaspora settlers from turkey armenian cypriots maronite cypriots symbols anthem coat of arms flag outline category portal v t e geography of europe sovereign states albania andorra armenia austria azerbaijan belarus belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia cyprus czech republic denmark estonia finland france georgia germany greece hungary iceland ireland italy kazakhstan latvia liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg malta moldova monaco montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania russia san marino serbia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey ukraine united kingdom vatican city states with limited recognition abkhazia kosovo northern cyprus south ossetia transnistria dependencies and other entities åland faroe islands gibraltar guernsey isle of man jersey svalbard other entities european union v t e geography of asia sovereign states afghanistan armenia azerbaijan bahrain bangladesh bhutan brunei cambodia china cyprus egypt georgia india indonesia iran iraq israel japan jordan kazakhstan north korea south korea kuwait kyrgyzstan laos lebanon malaysia maldives mongolia myanmar nepal oman pakistan palestine philippines qatar russia saudi arabia singapore sri lanka syria tajikistan thailand timor leste east timor turkey turkmenistan united arab emirates uzbekistan vietnam yemen states with limited recognition abkhazia northern cyprus south ossetia taiwan dependencies and other territories british indian ocean territory christmas island cocos keeling islands hong kong macau category asia portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title geography_of_cyprus oldid 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