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in however the battle had a significant impact on mcclellan s nerve the surprise appearance of maj gen stonewall jackson s troops in the battle when they had last been reported to be many miles away in the shenandoah valley convinced mcclellan that he was even more outnumbered than he had thought he reported to washington that he faced 200 000 confederates perhaps due to a false report on the arrival of another confederate army p g t beauregard the number of men mcclellan was actually faced varies with joseph harsh in confederate tide rising placing lee s army at 112 220 men compared with the 105 857 under mcclellan federal troops under heavy attack at the battle of gaines mill sketched by alfred r waud and published in harper s weekly july 26 1862 lee continued his offensive at gaines mill to the east that night mcclellan decided to withdraw his army to a safer base well below richmond on a portion of the james river that was under control of the union navy in doing so lee had assumed that the union army would withdraw to the east toward its existing supply base and mcclellan s move to the south delayed lee s response for at least 24 hours 57 ethan rafuse notes mcclellan s change of base to the james however thwarted lee s attempt to do this not only did mcclellan s decision allow the federals to gain control of the time and place for the battles that took place in late june and early july it enabled them to fight in a way that inflicted terrible beating on the confederate army more importantly by the end of the seven days battles mcclellan had dramatically improved his operational situation 58 but mcclellan was also tacitly acknowledging that he would no longer be able to invest richmond the object of his campaign the heavy siege artillery required would be almost impossible to transport without the railroad connections available from his original supply base on the york river in a telegram to secretary of war edwin stanton reporting on these events mcclellan blamed the lincoln administration for his reversals if i save this army now i tell you plainly i owe no thanks to you or to any other persons in washington you have done your best to sacrifice this army 59 fortunately for mcclellan lincoln never saw that inflammatory statement at least at that time because it was censored by the war department telegrapher wounded men after the battle of savage s station one of the seven days battles mcclellan was also fortunate that the failure of the campaign left his army mostly intact because he was generally absent from the fighting and neglected to name any second in command who might direct his retreat 60 military historian stephen w sears wrote when he deserted his army on the glendale and malvern hill battlefields during the seven days he was guilty of dereliction of duty had the army of the potomac been wrecked on either of these fields at glendale the possibility had been real that charge under the articles of war would likely have been brought against him 61 in the battle of glendale mcclellan was five miles 8 0 km away behind malvern hill without telegraph communications and too distant to command his army in the battle of malvern hill he was on a gunboat the uss galena which at one point was ten miles 16 km away down the james river 62 in both battles effective command of the army fell to his friend and v corps commander brigadier general fitz john porter when the public heard about the galena it was yet another great embarrassment comparable to the quaker guns at manassas editorial cartoons published in the course of the 1864 presidential campaign lampooned mcclellan for having preferred the safety of a ship while a battle was fought in the distance 63 mcclellan was reunited with his army at harrison s landing on the james debates were held as to whether the army should be evacuated or attempt to resume an offensive toward richmond mcclellan maintained his estrangement from abraham lincoln with his repeated call for reinforcements and by writing a lengthy letter in which he proposed strategic and political guidance for the war continuing his opposition to abolition or seizure of slaves as a tactic he concluded by implying he should be restored as general in chief but lincoln responded by naming maj gen henry w halleck to the post without consulting or even informing mcclellan 64 lincoln and stanton also offered command of the army of the potomac to maj gen ambrose burnside who refused the appointment 65 back in washington a reorganization of units created the army of virginia under maj gen john pope who was directed to advance toward richmond from the northeast mcclellan not wishing to abandon his campaign delayed the return of the army of the potomac from the peninsula enough so that the reinforcements arrived while the northern virginia campaign was already underway the fifth corps under porter from the army of the potomac would serve with pope during the campaign a frustrated mcclellan wrote to his wife before the battle pope will be thrashed be disposed of by lee such a villain as he is ought to bring defeat upon any cause that employs him 66 lee had gambled on removing significant units from the peninsula to attack pope who was beaten decisively at second bull run in august maryland campaign edit an illustration of mcclellan riding through frederick maryland september 12 1862 from frank leslie s illustrated newspaper maryland campaign actions september 3 15 1862 after the defeat of pope at second bull run president lincoln reluctantly returned to mcclellan on september 2 1862 lincoln named mcclellan to command the fortifications of washington and all the troops for the defense of the capital the appointment was controversial in the cabinet a majority of whom signed a petition declaring to the president our deliberate opinion that at this time it is not safe to entrust to major general mcclellan the command of any army of the united states 67 the president admitted that it was like curing the bite with the hair of the dog but lincoln told his secretary john hay we must use what tools we have there is no man in the army who can man these fortifications and lick these troops of ours into shape half as well as he if he can t fight himself he excels in making others ready to fight 68 northern fears of a continued offensive by robert e lee were realized when he launched his maryland campaign on september 4 hoping to arouse pro southern sympathy in the slave state of maryland mcclellan s pursuit began on september 5 he marched toward maryland with six of his reorganized corps numbers vary as to the size of mcclellan s force with its paper strength at 87 164 steven r stotelmyer in too useful to sacrifice places it at about 60 000 men noting that the 87 000 number includes non combat soldiers and units not immediately available mcclellan left two corps behind to defend washington 68 mcclellan s reception in frederick maryland as he marched towards lee s army was described by the correspondent for harper s magazine the general rode through the town on a trot and the street was filled six or eight deep with his staff and guard riding on behind him the general had his head uncovered and received gracefully the salutations of the people old ladies and men wept for joy and scores of beautiful ladies waved flags from the balconies of houses upon the street and their joyousness seemed to overcome every other emotion when the general came to the corner of the principal street the ladies thronged around him bouquets beautiful and fragrant in great numbers were thrown at him and the ladies crowded around him with the warmest good wishes and many of them were entirely overcome with emotion i have never witnessed such a scene the general took the gentle hands which were offered to him with many a kind and pleasing remark and heard and answered the many remarks and compliments with which the people accosted him it was a scene which no one could forget an event of a lifetime 69 lee divided his forces into multiple columns spread apart widely as he moved into maryland and also maneuvered to capture the federal arsenal at harpers ferry this was a risky move for a smaller army but lee was counting on his knowledge of mcclellan s temperament he told one of his generals he is an able general but a very cautious one his army is in a very demoralized and chaotic condition and will not be prepared for offensive operations or he will not think it so for three or four weeks before that time i hope to be on the susquehanna 70 lee s assessment proved to be inaccurate as mcclellan reacted quickly with the confederate leader remarking that mcclellan was advancing more rapidly than was convenient many classic histories have portrayed mcclellan s army as moving lethargically averaging only 6 miles 9 7 km a day 71 meanwhile union soldiers accidentally found a copy of lee s orders dividing his army wrapped around a package of cigars in an abandoned camp special order 191 revealed the widely dispersed configuration of lee s army making it vulnerable to destruction in detail the document was verified at mcclellan s headquarters in frederick on september 13 upon realizing the intelligence value of this discovery mcclellan threw up his arms and exclaimed now i know what to do he waved the order at his old army friend brig gen john gibbon and said here is a paper with which if i cannot whip bobbie lee i will be willing to go home he telegraphed president lincoln i have the whole rebel force in front of me but i am confident and no time shall be lost i think lee has made a gross mistake and that he will be severely punished for it i have all the plans of the rebels and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency will send you trophies 72 battle of south mountain edit at the discovery of the lost order mcclellan s assistant adjutant general verified the signature and handwriting of the officer who wrote out the order as he knew him well so there was no doubt as to its authenticity 73 within hours of receiving the order mcclellan dispatched some of his cavalry to assess whether the confederates had moved in accordance with the order 74 still historians including james m mcpherson in crossroads of freedom antietam and the battle cry of freedom stephen sears in landscape turned red john keegan in the american civil war and james v murfin in the gleam of bayonets have provided clear evidence that mcclellan despite his expressed joy upon being given the order delayed by some 18 hours before reacting to the intelligence coup resulting in lee s being able to elude the late arriving union forces and this remains the standard view however gene thorp in a 2012 article in the washington post cited evidence that the vanguard of army of the potomac was in motion all day on the 13th due to orders mcclellan had issued the previous day 75 after the war mcclellan held to the claim that he acted immediately to put his armies on the move 74 battle of south mountain by william waud mcclellan ordered his units to set out for the south mountain passes and was able to punch through the defended passes that separated them from lee the stubborn confederate defenses gave lee enough time to concentrate many of his men at sharpsburg maryland as noted by historians such as stotelmyer the significance of the union victory at south mountain should not be underestimated it ruined lee s plans to invade pennsylvania and took the initiative away from the confederate commander the battle of south mountain also presented mcclellan with an opportunity for one of the great theatrical moments of his career as historian sears describes the mountain ahead was wreathed in smoke eddies of battle smoke in which the gun flashes shone like brief hot sparks the opposing battle lines on the heights were marked by heavier layers of smoke and columns of federal troops were visible winding their way up the mountainside each column looking like a monstrous crawling blue black snake mcclellan posed against this spectacular backdrop sitting motionless astride his warhorse dan webster with his arm extended pointing hooker s passing troops toward the battle the men cheered him until they were hoarse and some broke ranks to swarm around the martial figure and indulge in the most extravagant demonstrations 76 the union army reached antietam creek to the east of sharpsburg on the evening of september 15 a planned attack on september 16 was put off because of early morning fog allowing lee to prepare his defenses with an army less than half the size of mcclellan s 77 battle of antietam edit overview of the battle of antietam lincoln with mcclellan and staff after the battle of antietam notable figures from left are 5 alexander s webb chief of staff v corps 6 mcclellan 8 jonathan letterman 10 lincoln 11 henry j hunt 12 fitz john porter 15 andrew a humphreys 16 capt george armstrong custer the battle of antietam on september 17 1862 was the single bloodiest day in american military history the outnumbered confederate forces fought desperately and well despite significant advantages in manpower mcclellan was unable to concentrate his forces effectively which meant that lee was able to shift his defenders to parry each of three union thrusts launched separately and sequentially against the confederate left center and finally the right mcclellan was also unwilling to employ his ample reserve forces to capitalize on localized successes historian james m mcpherson has pointed out that the two corps mcclellan kept in reserve were in fact larger than lee s entire force the reason for mcclellan s reluctance was that as in previous battles he was convinced he was outnumbered 78 lincoln in mcclellan s tent after the battle of antietam the battle was tactically inconclusive with the union suffering a higher overall number of casualties although lee technically was defeated because he withdrew first from the battlefield and retreated back to virginia and lost a larger percentage of his army than mcclellan did mcclellan wired to washington our victory was complete the enemy is driven back into virginia yet there was obvious disappointment that mcclellan had not crushed lee who was fighting with a smaller army with its back to the potomac river although mcclellan s subordinates can claim their share of responsibility for delays such as ambrose burnside s misadventures at burnside bridge and blunders edwin v sumner s attack without reconnaissance these were localized problems from which the full army could have recovered as with the decisive battles in the seven days mcclellan s headquarters were too far to the rear to allow his personal control over the battle he made no use of his cavalry forces for reconnaissance he did not share his overall battle plans with his corps commanders which prevented them from using initiative outside of their sectors and he was far too willing to accept cautious advi...