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ass empire gallantry medal egm in a substitution of awards unprecedented in the history of british decorations holders of the egm were required to exchange their insignia for the gc 9 10 most receiving their replacement gc at a formal investiture the four honorary egm awards to foreigners were not exchanged and could therefore continue to be worn 11 in 1971 surviving recipients of the albert medal and the edward medal em became george cross recipients but unlike the egm exchange of insignia they had the option of retaining their original insignia 12 13 of the 69 holders of the albert medal and 70 holders of the edward medal eligible to exchange 49 and 59 respectively took up the option citation needed award edit the gc which may be awarded posthumously is granted in recognition of acts of the greatest heroism or of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger 14 the award is for civilians but also for military personnel whose actions would not normally be eligible to receive military awards such as gallantry not in the face of the enemy the warrant states the cross is intended primarily for civilians and award in our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military honours are not normally granted 15 the cross shall be worn by recipients on the left breast suspended from a ribbon one and a quarter inches in width of dark blue that it shall be worn immediately after the victoria cross and in front of the insignia of all british orders of chivalry 16 when the cross is worn by a woman it may be worn on the left shoulder suspended from a ribbon fashioned into a bow 16 in june 1941 the specification of the ribbon width was amended to one and a half inches 17 bars can be awarded for further acts of bravery meriting the gc although none have yet been awarded in common with the victoria cross in undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn a miniature replica of the cross is affixed to the centre of the ribbon a distinction peculiar to these two premier awards for bravery in the event of a second award a second replica would be worn on the ribbon 18 recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters gc 19 all original individual gc awards and the latest collective award to the national health service have been published in the london gazette 20 george cross committee edit the george cross committee of the cabinet office considers cases of military and civilian gallantry 21 the committee has no formal terms of reference 21 recipients edit main article list of george cross recipients since its inception in 1940 the gc has been awarded 416 times 401 to men 12 to women and three times collectively there have been 165 original awards including the three collective awards including 106 made before 1947 22 about 30 of the 162 original awards to individuals have been to civilians there have been 251 exchange awards 112 to empire gallantry medal recipients 69 to albert medal recipients and 70 to edward medal recipients 23 of the 162 individuals who received original awards 86 have been posthumous in addition there were five posthumous recipients of the empire gallantry medal whose awards in four cases were gazetted after the start of the second world war and whose awards were also exchanged for the gc all the other exchange recipients were living as of the date of the decisions for the exchanges 24 25 26 27 dominic troulan represented recipients at the 2023 coronation 28 collective awards edit the flag of malta displays its george cross the three collective awards have been to the island of malta the royal ulster constabulary ruc and the national health service of the united kingdom nhs malta edit main article award of the george cross to malta the george cross awarded to malta national war museum malta the gc was awarded to the island of malta in a letter dated 15 april 1942 from king george vi to the island s governor lieutenant general sir william dobbie to honour her brave people i award the george cross to the island fortress of malta to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history the governor answered by god s help malta will not weaken but will endure until victory is won the cross and the messages are today in the war museum in fort saint elmo valletta the fortitude of the population under sustained enemy air raids and a naval blockade which almost saw them starved into submission won widespread admiration in britain and other allied nations eric grove argued on the bbc in 2017 that the george cross was awarded as a propaganda gesture and consequently the island of malta could not be allowed to fall as singapore had done indeed the north african campaign was being fought in 1942 as much to sustain malta as vice versa 29 the george cross was incorporated into the flag of malta in 1943 and since independence in 1964 remains on the flag royal ulster constabulary edit the gc was awarded to the ruc in 1999 by queen elizabeth ii following the advice of the first blair ministry the citation published by buckingham palace on 23 november 1999 stated for the past 30 years the royal ulster constabulary has been the bulwark against and the main target of a sustained and brutal terrorism campaign the force has suffered heavily in protecting both sides of the community from danger 302 officers have been killed in the line of duty and thousands more injured many seriously many officers have been ostracised by their own community and others have been forced to leave their homes in the face of threats to them and their families as northern ireland reaches a turning point in its political development this award is made to recognise the collective courage and dedication to duty of all of those who have served in the royal ulster constabulary and who have accepted the danger and stress this has brought to them and to their families 30 the queen presented the george cross on 12 april 2000 in a ceremony at hillsborough castle county down attended by the senior ruc officers the cross was accepted by constable paul slaine who had lost both legs in a 1992 ira attack 31 the police northern ireland act 2000 gave effect to much of the patten report with the police service of northern ireland incorporating the royal ulster constabulary established on 4 november 2001 32 the ruc is often referred to as ruc gc the 2000 act established a registered charity to be known as the royal ulster constabulary gc foundation for the purpose of marking the sacrifices and honouring the achievements of the royal ulster constabulary 33 other instances include the names of the ruc gc widows association 34 ruc gc historical society 35 and rucgc psni benevolent fund 36 national health service edit on 5 july 2021 on the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the nhs of the uk queen elizabeth ii announced in a personal handwritten message that the four nhs organisations of the united kingdom would be awarded the george cross 37 it was reported that the award was recommended by the prime minister boris johnson 38 the conferral of the award followed an 18 month period in which the health service had been at the forefront of the fight against the coronavirus pandemic in the uk the message read it is with great pleasure on behalf of a grateful nation that i award the george cross to the national health services of the united kingdom this award recognises all nhs staff past and present across all disciplines and all four nations over more than seven decades and especially in recent times you have supported the people of our country with courage compassion and dedication demonstrating the highest standards of public service you have our enduring thanks and heartfelt appreciation elizabeth r 39 awards to the commonwealth edit canada edit there have been 10 gcs awarded to canadians including those by substitution for awards superseded by the gc the recipients comprised nine men and one woman the gc is no longer awarded to canadians by the king of canada who awards the canadian cross of valour instead australia edit main article list of australian george cross recipients memorial to australian recipients george cross park canberra the george cross was awarded to 23 australians 11 to the australian forces and 12 to civilians it is the highest decoration of the australian honours system after the british victoria cross and the victoria cross for australia although australia established the cross of valour within the australian honours system in 1975 for acts of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme peril it was not until 1992 that australia officially ceased recommending british honours during the period 1975 to 1992 the last george cross to an australian was awarded in 1978 of the 23 awards 14 were direct awards and nine were empire gallantry medal two albert medal six and edward medal one exchange awards four awards were to officers of the royal australian naval volunteer reserve who served in the extremely dangerous role of mine disposal during the second world war privates benjamin gower hardy and ralph jones were posthumously awarded the george cross for manning a vickers machine gun during the cowra breakout a mass escape by japanese prisoners of war in central new south wales on 5 august 1944 hardy and jones disabled the weapon and denied its use to the escaping prisoners before they were overwhelmed and killed by the escapees 40 41 42 courage of a different sort was displayed by two prisoners of war who endured terrible suffering captain lionel colin matthews was eventually executed by his captors for building a resistance network in british north borneo in the second world war 43 while private horace william madden captured in korea in 1951 died of privations while assisting fellow prisoners and openly resisting enemy efforts to force him to collaborate 44 the last australian to be awarded the gc in 1978 was constable michael kenneth pratt of the victoria police melbourne for arresting two armed bank robbers in june 1976 for 39 years until the award to dominic troulon in 2017 pratt was the most recent living civilian george cross recipient a memorial to australian recipients george cross park was opened in canberra the australian capital on 4 april 2001 by the governor general of australia sir william deane new zealand edit in 1999 the new zealand cross replaced the role of the george cross up until then the last george cross awarded to a new zealander was posthumously awarded to sgt stewart guthrie of the new zealand police for his actions and bravery during the aramoana massacre annuity edit holders of the victoria cross or the george cross are entitled to an annuity the amount of which is determined by the awarding government 45 as of 2015 update the annuity paid by the british government was 10 000 46 in canada under the gallantry awards order members of the canadian forces or people who joined the british forces before 31 march 1949 while domiciled in canada or newfoundland receive 3 000 per year 7 australia has been responsible for the payment of both the victoria cross allowance and the george cross annuity since the 1940s the victoria cross allowance which includes both the victoria cross for australia and the british victoria cross is included in s 103 of the veterans entitlement act and is presently a4 447 per year although there is not a statutory instrument for the payment of the george cross annuity both annuities for the australian cross of valour and george cross match the victoria cross allowance payment restriction of use edit since 1943 in accordance with the george cross restriction of use ordinance it is unlawful in malta to use the george cross an imitation of it or the words george cross for the purposes of trade or business without the prime minister s authorisation 47 see also edit british and commonwealth orders and decorations recipients of the george cross list of george cross recipients george medal cross of st george a russian award saint george s cross the flag of england flag of malta a flag bearing the cross soham rail disaster 2 june 1944 the victoria cross and george cross association elizabeth cross pdsa gold medal seen as the animal equivalent of the gc notes edit no 56878 the london gazette supplement 17 march 2003 p 3351 decorations gallantry and distinguished conduct medals george cross gov uk retrieved 27 january 2021 clause five of the george cross gazette the phrase in the presence of the enemy was inserted into the victoria cross warrant in 1881 mussell j w editor 2018 medal yearbook 2019 token publishing ltd devon british gallantry medals abbott and tamplin p 138 1 2 george cross database archived from the original on 14 may 2011 no 35060 the london gazette 31 january 1941 pp 622 624 no 35141 the london gazette supplement 18 april 1941 p 2285 british gallantry awards by p e abbott and j m a tamplin list two am in gold awards between 1920 and 1939 p 22 there were 130 egm awards between 1922 and 1940 p 242 five deceased egm recipients pre war recipient herbert john mahoney killed in action at dunkirk and the four posthumous recipients after the outbreak of war became george cross holders see https www cwgc org find records find war dead casualty details 2483935 herbert 20john 20mahoney british gallantry medals abbott and tamplin p 242 no 45566 the london gazette 6 january 1972 p 171 no 45566 the london gazette 6 january 1972 p 172 london gazette no 35060 warrant fifth clause no 35060 the london gazette 31 january 1941 p 623 secondly 1 2 no 35060 the london gazette 31 january 1941 p 623 seventhly no 35199 the london gazette 24 june 1942 p 3600 seventhly no 35060 the london gazette 31 january 1941 p 623 eighthly london gazette no 35060 warrant eighth clause the awards to malta and the ruc were not gazetted the exchange awards are not gazetted although the original egm am and em announcements were gazetted 1 2 letter from roger smethurst dated 20 april 2012 released as part of a response from cabinet office to a request made using whatdotheyknow accessed 2 august 2012 british gallantry medals abbott and tamplin p 142 kevin brazier the complete george cross pen sword 2012 isbn 978 1 84884 287 8 hebblethwaite marion 2021 george cross encyclopedia illustrated biographies of all george cross recipients vol 1 cirencester marion hebblethwaite pp 9 17 isbn 978 1 9997057 3 2 george cross victoria cross online the men and women and their gallantry awards on one site 20 november 2022 retrieved 20 november 2022 george cross database retrieved on 12 september 2007 george cross for army afghanistan bomb heroes bbc 18 march 2010 retrieved 18 march 2010 coronation order of service in full bbc news 5 may 2023 retrieved 6 may 2023 grove eric 17 february 2011 the siege of malta in world war two bbc retrieved 15 april 2007 turner john frayn 2010 royal ulster constabulary awards of the george cross 1940 2009 2 ed pen sword books ltd p 165 isbn ...