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rm reconstructionist humanistic renewal science karaite haymanot texts tanakh torah nevi im ketuvim talmud mishnah gemara rabbinic midrash tosefta targum beit yosef mishneh torah tur shulchan aruch zohar languages hebrew biblical mishnaic medieval modern bukharian ghardaïa sign jewish koine greek judeo arabic judeo aramaic judeo berber judeo gascon judaeo georgian judaeo iranian judeo italian judeo malayalam judaeo spanish judeo tat knaanic shassi yeshivish yevanic yiddish zarphatic politics jewish political movements autonomism bundism conservatism feminism leftism secularism territorialism world agudath israel zionism general green labor kahanism maximalism neo zionism religious revisionist post zionism category portal v t e georgian jews georgian ქართველი ებრაელები romanized kartveli ebraelebi hebrew יְהוּדִי גֵּאוֹרְגְּיָה romanized yehudei georgia are a community of jews who are thought to have migrated into georgia during the babylonian captivity in the 6th century bce 3 it is one of the oldest communities in the region as a result of a major emigration wave in the 1990s the vast majority of georgian jews now live in israel with the world s largest community living in the city of ashdod although many also live in the united states georgian jews should be distinguished from the ashkenazi jews in georgia who arrived following the russian annexation of georgia 4 as well as from the neighboring mountain jews მთის ებრაელები mtis ebraelebi who are considered ethnically and culturally distinct from the kartveli ebraelebi prior to georgia s annexation by russia in 1801 the 2300 year history of georgian jews was marked by few traces of antisemitism and by an assimilation in the georgian language and culture 5 6 history edit the georgian jews traditionally lived separately not only from the surrounding georgian people but also from the ashkenazi jews in tbilisi who had different practices and language the community which numbered almost 60 000 as recently as the 1970s has largely emigrated to israel the united states the russian federation and belgium in antwerp as of 2014 update only about 1 500 georgian jews remained in georgia according to the 2002 first general national census of georgia there are 3 541 jewish believers in the country 7 for example the lezgishvili branch of georgian jews have families in israel moscow baku düsseldorf and cleveland ohio us several hundred georgian jewish families live in the new york tri state area particularly in new york city and long island origins edit georgian speaking jewry is one of the oldest surviving jewish communities in the world 8 although there are different accounts to how long they have lived in present day georgia and what motivated their migration by some accounts georgian jews also known as gurjim or kartveli ebraelebi have an approximately 2 600 year history in colchis 9 but their origin is debated the most widely held view is that the first jews made their way to southern georgia after nebuchadnezzar s conquest of jerusalem in 586 bce and exile in babylon the post exile origin view is espoused by the medieval georgian historian leonti mroveli who wrote in the 11th century then king nebuchadnezzar captured jerusalem the jews who fled thence come to kartli and requested from the mamasakhlisi local ruler of mtskheta territory in return for tribute he gave a place and settled them on the aragvi at spring which was called zanavi which was later renamed as zanavi the quarter of jews 3 according to mroveli a further settlement of the jews in georgia was during the roman period of emperor vespasian he wrote that jews lived in georgia long before 1st century ad according to mroveli during their bartom and kartam s reign vespasian the emperor of the romans captured jerusalem from there refugee jews come to mtskheta and settled with the old jews 3 the ancient georgian historic chronicle the conversion of kartli is the oldest and only georgian source concerning the history of the jewish community in georgia the chronicle describes a version similar to that offered centuries later by leonti mroveli but the period of jewish migration into georgia is ascribed to alexander the great the warlike seed the honni jews exiled by the chaldeans came to kartli and requested the land for tribute from the lord of the bun t urks suburb of mtskheta and they jews settled in zanavi and they possessed it 3 the ancient georgian capital of mtskheta where jews lived for thousands of years georgian sources also refer to the arrival of the first jews in western georgia from the byzantine empire during the 6th century ad approximately 3 000 of the jews fled to eastern georgia which by that time was controlled by the persians to escape severe persecution by the byzantines the existence of the jews in these regions during this period is supported by the archaeological evidence which shows that jews lived in mtskheta the ancient capital of the eastern georgian state of iberia kartli 10 according to the georgian hagiography jewish communities existed in georgia in the 1st century a georgian jew called elias was said to be in jerusalem during the crucifixion and brought jesus robe back with him to georgia he had acquired it from a roman soldier at golgotha the jews spoke georgian and later jewish traders developed a dialect called kivruli or judaeo georgian which included a number of hebrew words in the second half of the 7th century the muslim empire conquered extensive georgian territory which became a province of the arab caliphate arab emirs ruled in the georgian capital tbilisi and surrounding territory for nearly 500 years until 1122 genetic studies carried out on georgian jews as part of a wider survey showed close genetic links with other jews and in particular with iraqi and persian jews this seemed to prove the historical accounts of jewish migration from persia into georgia 11 middle ages edit interior of a jewish house in tbilisi there is not much documentation about georgian jews under the arab domination in the late 9th century abu imran musa al za farani later known as abu imran al tiflisi founded a jewish karai sect called the tiflis sect tiflisites which lasted for more than 300 years the sect deviated from rabbinic halakhah in its marriage and kashrut customs this sect did not represent the great majority of georgian jews who adhered to traditional rabbinic judaism while maintaining strong religious ties with baghdad and other jews of iraq 12 the nature of georgian jew s observance to rabbinic law was also noted by benjamin of tudela and abraham ben david also known as the rabad or ravad 12 georgia under russian empire edit georgian jews of tbilisi c 1900 the tradition of the relationship between jews and other georgians has no signs of antisemitism excluding the tsarist government for many centuries the church in georgia georgian orthodox church did not incite against the jews and the georgian jews were visibly assimilated in the country s rural life and culture 5 soviet georgia edit after the six day war huge numbers of soviet jews began protesting for the right to immigrate to israel and many applied for exit visas 13 14 georgian jews experienced a surge in jewish pride and wished to make aliyah to israel 15 16 while most soviet jewish emigration was individual georgian jewish emigration was communal due to georgian jewish traditions of strong extended families and the strict patriarchal nature of georgian families georgians immigrated as whole communities with emigration of individuals causing a chain reaction leading to more emigration and brought their community structures with them for example nearly the entire population of at least two georgian towns made aliyah at the time the emigration started israel had a policy of scattering the population around the country and was experiencing a housing shortage with the result that georgians were assigned housing in different parts of the country the georgians began demanding that they be concentrated together and the crisis reached a fever pitch when several families threatened to return to georgia and new immigrants forewarned by predecessors began demanding to be placed in specific areas upon arrival although prime minister golda meir criticized the georgians desire to isolate themselves into ghettos the israeli immigrant absorption ministry eventually bowed to their demands and began to create concentrations of around 200 families in twelve areas of the country 17 in israel georgian immigrants successfully integrated into society but faced certain problems georgian immigrants were usually able to find jobs with ease and often worked in light industry jobs such as dock workers porters and construction workers but faced certain issues one major issue was religion the georgian jews were often devout and had fiercely clung to their traditions in the soviet union and were stunned to discover that israeli jews were mostly secular as a result georgian immigrants demanded their own separate synagogues to continue their unique religious traditions which the government agreed to and enrolled their children in religious schools rather than regular schools 17 many georgian jews now live in israel estimated at 75 000 people 18 in israel most georgian jews settled near the coast in cities such as lod bat yam ashdod and holon there are georgian jews in jerusalem as well with several prominent synagogues citation needed 21 century edit israel s 60th independence day celebration in tbilisi georgia attended by georgian president mikheil saakashvili as a result of the 2008 south ossetia war some 200 georgian jews immigrated to israel with assistance from the jewish agency 19 demographics edit according to the 1897 russian empire census there were 12 194 people whose native language was jewish in the two provinces that largely covered today s georgia tiflis governorate 5 188 and kutais governorate 7 006 there were 3 419 jews in kutaisi city 10 5 of the population 2 935 in tiflis 1 064 in batumi 20 21 georgia s population almost doubled between 1926 and 1970 then began declining with dramatic declines in the 1970s and 1990s when many georgian jews left and moved to other countries especially to israel 22 historical georgian jewish population year pop 1897 12 747 1897 12 194 4 3 1926 30 534 150 4 1939 42 300 38 5 1959 51 589 22 0 1970 55 398 7 4 1979 28 315 48 9 1989 24 834 12 3 2014 1 405 94 3 source 23 24 25 26 the jewish population data includes mountain jews georgian jews bukharan jews or central asian jews krymchaks all per the 1959 soviet census and tats 27 language edit the traditional language of the georgian jews is judaeo georgian a variant of georgian characterized by a large number of hebrew loanwords and written using either the georgian alphabet or hebrew alphabet 8 aliyah and diaspora outside of georgia edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2023 learn how and when to remove this message notable people in the us edit in the united states the principal georgian jewish synagogue is the congregation of georgian jews in the forest hills neighborhood of queens new york city 28 tamir sapir born temur sepiashvili an immigrant new york taxi driver turned businessman and philanthropist dr yuri busi born yuri busiashvili who was known for being the physician for the actress lucille ball 29 temur yakobashvili georgian jewish political scientist ex diplomat and politician currently residing in the u s notable people in israel edit rivka michaeli actress mikhael mirilashvili born 1960 businessman and philanthropist based in st petersburg and israel elmira nazirova 1928 2014 composer tzipi hotovely diplomat and ambassador of israel to the united kingdom yitzchak mirilashvili born 1984 son and business partner of mikhael mirilashvili avraham hovelashvili 1997 2023 deputy commander of caracal battalion aharon jacobashvili born 1964 olympic boxer notable people in hungary edit antal yaakobishvili born 2004 footballer at girona fc áron yaakobishvili born 2006 footballer at fc barcelona see also edit georgia israel relations georgian jews in israel references edit peoplegroups org peoplegroups org archived from the original on 2 july 2024 retrieved 2 july 2024 russian census 2020 rosstat gov ru archived from the original on 24 january 2020 retrieved 16 january 2023 1 2 3 4 lerner constantine b 2004 the wellspring of georgian historiography the early medieval historical chronicle the conversion of katli and the life of st nino london bennett and bloom p 60 israeli lia jewishgen kehilalinks 1 2 wall harry d 7 february 2015 forget atlanta this is the georgia on my mind haaretz jewish discoveries archived from the original on 8 february 2015 mountain jews customs and daily life in the caucasus leʼah miḳdash shemaʻʼilov liya mikdash shamailov muzeʼon yiśraʼel jerusalem upne 2002 page 9 statistics of georgia archived from the original on 31 august 2006 1 2 lomtadze tamari enoch reuven 19 june 2019 judeo georgian language as an identity marker of georgian jews the jews living in georgia journal of jewish languages 7 1 1 26 doi 10 1163 22134638 07011146 issn 2213 4387 batumi archeological museum seen march 2020 also tbilisi jewish museum seen march 2020 georgia world jewish congress jewish communities database begley sharon 7 august 2012 genetic study offers clues to history of north africa s jews reuters archived 29 december 2015 at the wayback machine 1 2 ben oren gershon the history of the jews of georgia until the communist regime the museum of the jewish people at beit hatfutsot archived from the original on 18 june 2018 retrieved 18 june 2018 ro i yaacov 30 october 2003 the struggle for soviet jewish emigration 1948 1967 cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 52244 1 rosenberg victor april 2015 refugee status for soviet jewish immigrants to the united states touro law review 19 2 schroeter leonard 1979 the last exodus university of washington press isbn 978 0 295 95685 5 blady ken 2000 jewish communities in exotic places rowman littlefield isbn 978 0 7657 6112 5 1 2 curtis michael chertoff mordecai s 1973 israel social structure and change transaction publishers georgians in israel archived from the original on 5 february 2018 retrieved 17 january 2025 100 georgian jews make aliyah to israel since outbreak of crisis link removed jewishinstlouis org retrieved on 16 april 2013 демоскоп weekly приложение справочник статистических показателей демоскоп weekly приложение справочник статистических показателей www demoscope ru tab30 xls pdf archived from the original pdf on 14 july 2014 retrieved 14 april 2013 население грузии приложение демоскопа weekly demoscope ru 15 january 2013 archived from the original on 12 october 2013 retrieved 14 april 2013 world jewish population 2002 pdf 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