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so 5 references toggle the table of contents global city 63 languages аԥсшәа acèh alemannisch العربية asturianu تۆرکجه български भोजपुरी বাংলা brezhoneg català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi na vosa vakaviti français arpetan galego 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית hrvatski magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 ladino malagasy മലയാളം bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski پنجابی português română русский scots simple english slovenčina српски srpski svenska తెలుగు ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia city important to the world economy world city redirects here for hypothetical planetwide cities see ecumenopolis for other uses see world city disambiguation new york city top and london bottom are the only two cities ranked in the alpha category by the globalization and world cities research network both cities are considered leading business financial commercial and cultural centers a global city also known as a power city world city alpha city or world center is a city that serves as a primary node in the global economic network the concept originates from geography and urban studies based on the thesis that globalization has created a hierarchy of strategic geographic locations with varying degrees of influence over finance trade and culture worldwide 1 2 3 the global city represents the most complex and significant hub within the international system characterized by links binding it to other cities that have direct tangible effects on global socioeconomic affairs 4 the criteria of a global city vary depending on the source 5 common features include a high degree of urban development a large population the presence of major multinational companies a significant and globalized financial sector a well developed and internationally linked transportation infrastructure local or national economic dominance high quality educational and research institutions and a globally influential output of ideas innovations or cultural products global city rankings are numerous 6 new york city london tokyo and paris are the most commonly mentioned 7 8 origin and terminology the term global city was popularized by sociologist saskia sassen in her 1991 book the global city new york london tokyo 9 before then other terms were used for urban centers with roughly the same features the term world city meaning a city heavily involved in global trade appeared in a may 1886 description of liverpool by the illustrated london news 10 british sociologist and geographer patrick geddes used the term in 1915 11 the term megacity entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th century the earliest known example being a publication by the university of texas in 1904 12 in the 21st century the terms are usually focused on a city s financial power and high technology infrastructure 13 14 criteria manhattan the core area of new york city an alpha global city where there are several characteristic elements of global cities 15 like worldwide influential economic new york stock exchange and cultural broadway centers headquarters of international political organizations un headquarters world renowned museums the met museum moma guggenheim museum and worldwide known landmarks times square empire state building central park competing groups have devised competing means to classify and rank world cities and to distinguish them from other cities 11 although there is a consensus on the leading world cities 16 the chosen criteria affect which other cities are included 11 selection criteria may be based on a yardstick value e g if the producer service sector is the largest sector then city x is a world city 11 or on an imminent determination if the producer service sector of city x is greater than the combined producer service sectors of n other cities then city x is a world city 11 although criteria are variable and fluid typical characteristics of world cities include 17 the most prominent criterion has been providing a variety of international financial services 18 notably in finance insurance real estate banking accountancy and marketing and their amalgamation of financial headquarters a stock exchange and other major financial institutions headquarters of numerous multinational corporations domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities considerable decision making power daily and at a global level centers of new ideas and innovation in business economics and culture centers of digital and other media and communications for global networks the dominance of the national region with great international significance the high percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector high quality educational institutions including renowned universities and research facilities and attracting international student attendance 19 multi functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal medical and entertainment facilities in the country high diversity in language culture religion and ideologies rankings gawc world cities main article globalization and world cities research network the globalization and world cities research network gawc is a british think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization it is based in the geography department of loughborough university in leicestershire united kingdom gawc was founded by peter j taylor in 1998 20 21 primarily concerned with what it calls the advanced producer services of accountancy advertising banking finance and law the cities in the top two classifications in the 2024 edition are 22 alpha london new york city alpha beijing dubai hong kong paris shanghai singapore sydney tokyo global cities index kearney in 2008 the american journal foreign policy working with the consulting firm a t kearney and the chicago council on global affairs published a ranking of global cities based on consultation with saskia sassen witold rybczynski and others 23 24 the ranking is based on 27 metrics across five dimensions business activity human capital information exchange cultural experience and political engagement 25 the top ranked cities in 2025 are 26 new york city london paris tokyo singapore beijing hong kong shanghai los angeles chicago global cities index oxford economics advisory firm oxford economics ranks the world s largest 1 000 cities based on 27 indicators across five categories economics human capital quality of life environment and governance with more weight on economic factors the top ranked cities in 2025 are 27 new york city london paris san jose seattle melbourne sydney boston tokyo san francisco global power city index the tokyo based institute for urban strategies at the mori memorial foundation first published a study of global cities in 2008 they are ranked in six categories economy research and development cultural interaction livability environment and accessibility the top 10 cities in 2025 are 28 london tokyo new york city paris singapore seoul amsterdam shanghai dubai berlin world s best cities ranking consultancy firm resonance publishes the world s best cities ranking they are ranked in three categories livability lovability and prosperity each of them using different factors the top 10 cities in 2026 are 29 london new york city paris tokyo madrid singapore rome dubai berlin barcelona global financial centres index this section is an excerpt from global financial centres index edit the global financial centres index gfci ranks the competitiveness of financial centres based on over 29 000 assessments from an online questionnaire and over 100 indices from organisations such as the world bank the organisation for economic co operation and development oecd and the economist intelligence unit 30 it was first published in march 2007 it has been jointly published twice per year by the london based think tank z yen and the china development institute since 2015 31 it is widely quoted as a top source for ranking financial centres 32 33 34 the 2026 ranking was new york city london hong kong singapore shanghai tokyo seoul shenzhen dubai zurich see also cities portal world portal caput mundi city quality of life indices ecumenopolis list of cities by gdp ranally city rating system references lenormand maxime gonçalves bruno tugores antònia ramasco josé j 2015 human diffusion and city influence journal of the royal society interface 12 109 20150473 doi 10 1098 rsif 2015 0473 pmc 4535413 pmid 26179991 lin jan 2012 world cities the wiley blackwell encyclopedia of globalization doi 10 1002 9780470670590 wbeog820 isbn 978 0 470 67059 0 pain kathy 2017 world cities international encyclopedia of geography pp 1 9 doi 10 1002 9781118786352 wbieg0525 isbn 978 1 118 78635 2 sassen saskia july 2001 the global city strategic site new frontier seminar magazine no 503 archived from the original on 18 october 2006 global city britannica archived from the original on 20 october 2022 retrieved 20 october 2022 decoding city performance jll co uk 2 april 2019 archived from the original on 16 october 2019 retrieved 16 october 2019 struggling giants university of minnesota press archived from the original on 17 january 2021 retrieved 31 december 2020 abrahamson mark 2004 global cities pdf 1st ed new york oxford university press p 4 isbn 978 0 19 514204 4 archived pdf from the original on 11 january 2021 retrieved 9 january 2021 sassen saskia the global city new york london tokyo 1991 princeton university press isbn 0 691 07063 6 archived 16 march 2015 at the wayback machine belchem john 18 december 2009 the empire in one city liverpool s inconvenient imperial past reviews in history archived from the original on 23 june 2012 retrieved 9 may 2012 1 2 3 4 5 doel m hubbard p 2002 taking world cities literally marketing the city in a global space of flows city vol 6 no 3 pp 351 368 subscription required hemisfile perspectives on political and economic trends in the americas institute of the americas 1994 asian cities pay hidden price for global status the diplomat 15 february 2015 archived from the original on 1 february 2016 retrieved 25 january 2016 the world s most influential cities forbes 14 august 2014 archived from the original on 5 september 2017 retrieved 29 august 2017 what are the characteristics of world cities and megacities and how has their distribution changed since 1950 hbk portal archived from the original on 17 november 2022 retrieved 17 november 2022 gawc research bulletin 5 archived 8 august 2011 at the wayback machine gawc loughborough university 28 july 1999 pashley rosemary hsc geography pascal press 2000 p 164 j v beaverstock world city networks from below archived 8 march 2006 at the wayback machine gawc loughborough university 29 september 2010 k o connor international students and global cities archived 5 february 2006 at the wayback machine gawc loughborough university 17 february 2005 kaplan david holloway steven 2024 urban geography john wiley sons inc p 111 isbn 9781119930273 retrieved 1 august 2026 taylor peter j 2004 world city network a global urban analysis routledge p ix isbn 0 415 30249 8 retrieved 10 october 2010 world cities 2024 gawc retrieved 1 november 2024 2012 global cities index and emerging cities outlook archived from the original pdf on 20 october 2013 retrieved 9 may 2012 the 2008 global cities index foreign policy november december 2008 21 october 2008 archived from the original on 7 january 2010 retrieved 31 october 2008 read atkearney una cuestión de talento cómo el capital humano determinará los próximos líderes mundiales atkearney com archived from the original on 20 december 2019 retrieved 16 october 2019 r2025 global cities report accelerating through volatility kearney kelly liv 21 may 2025 global cities index 2025 which cities topped the ranking this year time out worldwide retrieved 22 may 2025 global power city index 2025 the mori memorial foundation resonance world s best cities retrieved 10 november 2025 jones huw 24 march 2022 new york widens lead over london in top finance centres index reuters archived from the original on 8 october 2022 retrieved 10 september 2022 rankings are based on surveys and 150 factors with quantitative measures from the world bank the economist intelligence unit the oecd and united nations the global financial centres index long finance www longfinance net retrieved 25 september 2025 yoshio okubo october 2014 comparison of global financial center pdf harvard law school program on international financial systems japan u s symposium archived from the original on 30 may 2015 retrieved 30 may 2015 glover john 17 march 2014 new york strips london of mantle as world s top financial center bloomberg l p archived from the original on 9 june 2015 retrieved 30 may 2015 pooler michael 1 october 2014 new york and london vie for crown of world s top financial centre the financial times retrieved 24 may 2015 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link wikimedia commons has media related to global city v t e cities urban geography urban area city centre downtown suburb exurb core city twin cities satellite city edge city commuter town city proper limits conurbation metropolitan area metropolis megacity megalopolis cities with the most skyscrapers urbanization suburbanization shrinking cities ghost town abandoned village lost city tent city closed city college town urban government city status municipality direct controlled independent city city state autonomous city capital city urban economics world s cities by gdp global city central business district gdp density most expensive cities cheapest cities most livable cities urban decay ghetto modern ruins no go area shanty town skid row slum squatting urban renewal municipal bond habitat iii peri urban agriculture urban planning history of urban planning theories of urban planning technical aspects of urban planning urban planners public open space green space urban wild zoning mixed use development urban design grid plan concentric zone model sector model multiple nuclei model linear settlement land use smart city bicycle friendly cyclability cycling infrastructure pedestrian zone walkability urban population world s largest cities throughout history most densely populated cities most populous national capitals urbanism new urbanism urban warfare urban studies urban morphology urban culture urban sociology anti urbanism u...