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Text of the page (random words):
s coverage of the sciences and social sciences is competitive with other academic databases as of 2017 scholar s coverage of the arts and humanities has not been investigated empirically and scholar s utility for disciplines in these fields remains ambiguous 38 especially early on some publishers did not allow scholar to crawl their journals elsevier journals have been included since mid 2007 when elsevier began to make most of its sciencedirect content available to google scholar and google s web search 39 however a 2014 study 4 estimates that google scholar can find almost 90 approximately 100 million of all scholarly documents on the web written in english large scale longitudinal studies have found between 40 and 60 percent of scientific articles are available in full text via google scholar links 40 google scholar puts high weight on citation counts in its ranking algorithm and therefore is being criticized for strengthening the matthew effect 30 as highly cited papers appear in top positions they gain more citations while new papers hardly appear in top positions and therefore get less attention by the users of google scholar and hence fewer citations google scholar effect is a phenomenon when some researchers pick and cite works appearing in the top results on google scholar regardless of their contribution to the citing publication because they automatically assume these works credibility and believe that editors reviewers and readers expect to see these citations 41 google scholar has problems identifying publications on the arxiv preprint server correctly interpunctuation characters in titles produce wrong search results and authors are assigned to wrong papers which leads to erroneous additional search results some search results are even given without any comprehensible reason 42 43 google scholar is vulnerable to spam 44 45 researchers from the university of california berkeley and otto von guericke university magdeburg demonstrated that citation counts on google scholar can be manipulated and complete non sense articles created with scigen were indexed within google scholar 46 these researchers concluded that citation counts from google scholar should be used with care especially when used to calculate performance metrics such as the h index or impact factor which is in itself a poor predictor of article quality 47 google scholar started computing an h index in 2012 with the advent of individual scholar pages several downstream packages like harzing s publish or perish also use its data 48 the practicality of manipulating h index calculators by spoofing google scholar was demonstrated in 2010 by cyril labbe from joseph fourier university who managed to rank ike antkare ahead of albert einstein by means of a large set of scigen produced documents citing each other effectively an academic link farm 49 as of 2010 google scholar was not able to shepardize case law as lexis could 50 unlike other indexes of academic work such as scopus and web of science google scholar does not maintain an application programming interface that may be used to automate data retrieval use of web scrapers to obtain the contents of search results is also severely restricted by the implementation of captchas google scholar does not display or export digital object identifiers dois 51 a de facto standard implemented by all major academic publishers to uniquely identify and refer to individual pieces of academic work 52 in 2024 researchers found that google scholar was manipulatable through citation purchasing services 53 search engine optimization for google scholar search engine optimization seo for traditional web search engines such as google has been popular for many years for several years seo has also been applied to academic search engines such as google scholar 54 seo for academic articles is also called academic search engine optimization aseo and defined as the creation publication and modification of scholarly literature in a way that makes it easier for academic search engines to both crawl it and index it 54 aseo has been adopted by several organizations among them elsevier 55 openscience 56 mendeley 57 and sage publishing 58 to optimize their articles rankings in google scholar aseo has been criticised for allowing journals to artificially inflate their metrics and introducing spam into academic search engines 46 see also bibliometrics list of academic databases and search engines open access repository references search tips content coverage google scholar archived from the original on september 23 2016 retrieved april 27 2016 google scholar help scholar google com archived from the original on march 28 2016 retrieved september 1 2021 google scholar help scholar google com archived from the original on march 28 2016 retrieved september 1 2021 1 2 trend watch 2014 nature 509 7501 405 discussing madian khabsa and c lee giles 2014 the number of scholarly documents on the public web archived 2014 08 30 at the wayback machine plos one 9 e93949 kolata gina october 30 2017 many academics are eager to publish in worthless journals the new york times archived from the original on november 8 2017 retrieved november 2 2017 1 2 um library google digitization partnership faq august 2005 pdf university of michigan library august 2005 archived pdf from the original on september 22 2020 retrieved april 30 2021 t he university of michigan s work with google encompasses several activities and google products e g google scholar jennifer howard august 10 2017 what happened to google s effort to scan millions of university library books edsurge archived from the original on august 10 2017 retrieved april 30 2021 giles j 2005 science in the web age start your engines nature 438 7068 554 55 bibcode 2005natur 438 554g doi 10 1038 438554a pmid 16319857 s2cid 4432132 hughes tracey december 2006 an interview with anurag acharya google scholar lead engineer google librarian central archived from the original on march 1 2010 retrieved november 14 2016 assisi francis c january 3 2005 anurag acharya helped google s scholarly leap indolink archived from the original on june 8 2011 retrieved april 19 2007 steven levy 2015 the gentleman who made scholar archived 2020 11 18 at the wayback machine backchannel on medium rozear hannah 2009 where google scholar stands on art an evaluation of content coverage in online databases art libraries journal 34 2 21 25 doi 10 1017 s0307472200015844 s2cid 163504762 quint barbara august 27 2007 changes at google scholar a conversation with anurag acharya information today archived from the original on march 26 2011 retrieved february 22 2008 madrigal alexis c april 3 2012 20 services google thinks are more important than google scholar atlantic archived from the original on october 31 2020 retrieved march 7 2017 martín martín alberto thelwall mike orduna malea enrique delgado lópez cózar emilio january 1 2021 google scholar microsoft academic scopus dimensions web of science and opencitations coci a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations scientometrics 126 1 871 906 doi 10 1007 s11192 020 03690 4 issn 1588 2861 pmc 7505221 pmid 32981987 1 2 3 alex verstak fresh look of scholar profiles archived 2016 03 04 at the wayback machine google scholar blog august 21 2014 james connor google scholar library archived 2016 03 04 at the wayback machine google scholar blog november 19 2013 international journal of internet science google scholar citations archived from the original on may 13 2016 retrieved august 22 2014 albert einstein scholar google com archived from the original on june 10 2024 retrieved june 10 2024 richard feynman scholar google com archived from the original on june 10 2024 retrieved june 10 2024 isaac newton scholar google com archived from the original on may 3 2024 retrieved june 10 2024 an academic who died over 70 years ago still has google scholar profile with verified email how can this be academia stack exchange archived from the original on june 10 2024 retrieved june 10 2024 google scholar library links archived from the original on may 13 2012 retrieved may 27 2016 1 2 vine rita january 2006 google scholar journal of the medical library association 94 1 97 99 pmc 1324783 1 2 about google scholar archived from the original on february 26 2013 retrieved july 29 2010 denise wolfe april 7 2020 suny negotiates new modified agreement with elsevier libraries news center university at buffalo libraries library buffalo edu university at buffalo archived from the original on december 6 2020 retrieved april 18 2020 1 2 google scholar help archived from the original on august 10 2018 retrieved december 15 2017 exploring the scholarly neighborhood official google blog archived from the original on february 12 2021 retrieved february 16 2021 dreiling geri may 11 2011 how to use google scholar for legal research lawyer tech review archived from the original on april 2 2019 retrieved june 7 2011 1 2 jöran beel and bela gipp google scholar s ranking algorithm an introductory overview in birger larsen and jacqueline leta editors proceedings of the 12th international conference on scientometrics and informetrics issi 09 vol 1 pp 230 41 rio de janeiro july 2009 international society for scientometrics and informetrics issn 2175 1935 beel j gipp b 2009 google scholar s ranking algorithm the impact of citation counts an empirical study 2009 third international conference on research challenges in information science pdf pp 439 46 doi 10 1109 rcis 2009 5089308 isbn 978 1 4244 2864 9 s2cid 843045 archived from the original pdf on august 8 2017 retrieved december 24 2019 rovira cristòfol guerrero solé frederic codina lluís june 18 2018 received citations as a main seo factor of google scholar results ranking profesional de la información 27 3 559 569 doi 10 3145 epi 2018 may 09 hdl 10230 34957 issn 1699 2407 archived from the original on january 13 2021 retrieved december 28 2020 bauer kathleen bakkalbasi nisa september 2005 an examination of citation counts in a new scholarly communication environment d lib magazine 11 9 doi 10 1045 september2005 bauer archived from the original on april 8 2011 retrieved august 7 2006 kulkarni a v aziz b shams i busse j w 2009 comparisons of citations in web of science scopus and google scholar for articles published in general medical journals jama the journal of the american medical association 302 10 1092 96 doi 10 1001 jama 2009 1307 pmid 19738094 falagas m e pitsouni e i malietzis g a pappas g 2007 comparison of pubmed scopus web of science and google scholar strengths and weaknesses the faseb journal 22 2 338 42 doi 10 1096 fj 07 9492lsf pmid 17884971 s2cid 303173 kousha k thelwall m 2007 google scholar citations and google web url citations a multi discipline exploratory analysis pdf journal of the american society for information science and technology 57 6 1055 65 bibcode 2007jasis 58 1055k doi 10 1002 asi 20584 archived pdf from the original on september 29 2020 retrieved december 24 2019 beall jeffrey november 2014 google scholar is filled with junk science scholarly open access archived from the original on november 7 2014 retrieved november 10 2014 fagan jody 2017 an evidence based review of academic web search engines 2014 2016 implications for librarians practice and research agenda information technology and libraries 36 2 7 47 doi 10 6017 ital v36i2 9718 archived from the original on december 10 2023 retrieved december 24 2019 brantley peter july 3 2007 science direct ly into google o reilly radar archived from the original on april 21 2008 martín martín alberto orduña malea enrique ayllón juan manuel delgado lópez cózar emilio october 30 2014 does google scholar contain all highly cited documents 1950 2013 arxiv 1410 8464 cs dl serenko a dumay j 2015 citation classics published in knowledge management journals part ii studying research trends and discovering the google scholar effect pdf journal of knowledge management 19 6 1335 55 doi 10 1108 jkm 02 2015 0086 archived pdf from the original on october 1 2015 retrieved september 30 2015 jacso peter september 24 2009 google scholar s ghost authors lost authors and other problems library journal archived from the original on june 7 2011 péter jacsó 2010 metadata mega mess in google scholar online information review 34 175 91 doi 10 1108 14684521011024191 on the robustness of google scholar against spam pdf archived from the original pdf on november 30 2018 scholarly open access did a romanian researcher successfully game google scholar to raise his citation count archived 2015 01 22 at the wayback machine 1 2 beel joeran gipp bela december 2010 academic search engine spam and google scholar s resilience against it pdf journal of electronic publishing 13 3 doi 10 3998 3336451 0013 305 archived pdf from the original on october 1 2020 retrieved december 24 2019 brembs b 2018 prestigious science journals struggle to reach 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scholar microsoft academic scopus dimensions web of science and opencitations coci a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations scientometrics 126 1 871 906 doi 10 1007 s11192 020 03690 4 pmc 7505221 pmid 32981987 ibrahim hazem liu fengyuan zaki yasir rahwan talal 2024 google scholar is manipulatable arxiv 2402 04607 1 2 beel jöran gipp bela wilde erik 2010 academic search engine optimization aseo pdf journal of scholarly publishing 41 2 176 90 doi 10 3138 jsp 41 2 176 s2cid 1913416 archived from the original on september 27 2020 retrieved december 24 2019 get found optimize your research articles for search engines archived from the original on october 23 2019 retrieved january 29 2017 why and how should you optimize academic articles for search engines april 9 2014 archived from the original on march 30 2019 retrieved january 29 2017 academic seo market and publish or perish november 29 2010 archived from the original on october 23 2019 retrieved january 29 2017 help readers find your article ma...