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Text of the page (random words):
e from wikipedia the free encyclopedia alphabet used for writing the gothic language for other uses see gothic script gothic script type alphabet period from c 350 in decline by 600 direction left to right languages gothic related scripts parent systems greek alphabet augmented with latin and possibly runic questionable gothic iso 15924 iso 15924 goth 206 gothic unicode unicode alias gothic unicode range u 10330 u 1034f this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters this article contains gothic characters without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of letters history of the alphabet entries marked with a double dagger are non alphabetic egyptian hieroglyphs 32nd c bce hieratic 32nd c bce demotic 7th c bce meroitic 3rd c bce proto sinaitic 19th c bce ugaritic 15th c bce ancient south arabian 9th c bce geʽez c 5th c bce phoenician 12th c bce see below hangul 1443 thaana c 1601 adlam 1989 phoenician 12th c bce paleo hebrew 10th c bce samaritan 6th c bce aramaic 8th c bce unknown kushan script 600 200 bce kharosthi 3rd c bce brahmi 3rd c bce brahmic pallava 4th century cham 4th century dhives akuru 6th century khmer 611 tibetan 7th century ʼphags pa 1269 devanagari 10th century canadian aboriginal 1840 hebrew 3rd c bce pahlavi 2nd c bce avestan 4th century palmyrene 1st c bce nabataean 2nd c bce arabic 4th century n ko 1949 syriac 1st century sogdian 2nd century old turkic 8th century old hungarian c 650 old uyghur mongolian 1204 mandaic 2nd century greek 8th c bce etruscan 8th c bce latin 7th c bce deseret 1854 great lakes algonquian 19th century blackfoot 1888 fraser 1915 saanich 1978 osage 2006 runic 2nd century ogham 4th century lycian 5th c bce coptic 3rd century gothic 3rd century armenian 405 caucasian albanian c 420 georgian c 430 glagolitic 862 cyrillic c 940 old permic 1372 libyco berber 10th c bce tifinagh 4th century neo tifinagh 1970 paleohispanic 7th c bce the gothic alphabet is an alphabet for writing the gothic language it was developed in the 4th century ad by ulfilas or wulfila a gothic preacher of cappadocian greek descent for the purpose of translating the bible a in form most letters resemble letters of the greek alphabet the origin of the alphabet is disputed it is debated whether or how the latin and runic alphabets were used as a source the set of letters and the way that they are used show some innovations to express gothic phonology origin edit the origin of the gothic alphabet is controversial 2 3 in addition to the gothic language ulfilas knew greek and latin 4 when developing the gothic alphabet he may have drawn on the greek alphabet latin alphabet and runic alphabet 5 according to cercignani it is generally agreed that ulfilas had knowledge of each of these three alphabets 6 however this has been debated it is not known that ulfilas was familiar with runes 7 8 on the other hand there is also lack of evidence showing that ulfilas was unfamiliar with runes 9 there are a few extant runic inscriptions thought to be east germanic possibly gothic 10 see gothic runic inscriptions the influence of latin and runic letters on the gothic alphabet is disputed 11 and some scholars have argued that they were not used as inputs 12 cercignani 1988 172 178 supposes that ulfilas used a twenty four letter runic fuþark alphabet as his starting point and assigned most of its letters to corresponding letters of the twenty seven letter greek alphabet taking the value of the greek letters as numerals and their alphabetical position and using additional symbols some taken from the latin alphabet to take the place of remaining unmatched greek letters after the correspondences were established cercignani supposes the form of the runic letters were either modified or outright replaced by the corresponding latin or greek letters miller 2019 25 calls cercignani s hypothesis of an adapted runic alphabet not implausible snædal 2015 96 97 104 105 argues that ulfilas s alphabet was initially and primarily adapted from the greek alphabet cursive and perhaps also uncial with secondary influence from latin and only minor uncertain influence from runic miller 2019 25 cites a number of authors that consider the gothic alphabet to be derived from the greek alphabet influenced by latin and runic ulfilas is thought to have consciously chosen to avoid the use of the older runic alphabet for this purpose as it was heavily connected with pagan beliefs and customs 13 also the greek based script probably helped to integrate the gothic nation into the dominant greco roman culture around the black sea 14 letters edit below is a table of the gothic alphabet two letters used in its transliteration are not used in current english thorn þ representing θ and hwair ƕ representing hʷ as with the greek alphabet gothic letters were also assigned numerical values when used as numerals letters were written either between two dots 𐌹𐌱 12 or with an overline 𐌹𐌱 12 two letters 𐍁 90 and 𐍊 900 have no phonetic value names for the letters are recorded in codex vindobonensis 795 15 a 9th century manuscript of alcuin most of them seem to be gothic forms of names also appearing in the rune poems the antiquity of these names is not certain cercignani 1988 172 178 180 argues that the names recorded in this manuscript may be influenced by old english and old high german and concludes that the original rune names are unknown most of the names follow the principle of acrophony starting with the sound that the letter represents which cercignani argues must have been a feature of the original names used by ulfilas 16 in the following table the names are given in their attested forms followed by reconstructed gothic forms and their meanings b letter translit compare alcuinic name 19 gothic name pgmc rune name ipa numeric value xml entity 𐌰 a α aza 𐌰𐌽𐍃 ans god or 𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍃 asks ash ansuz 20 a aː 1 x10330 𐌱 b β bercna 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌽 baírkan birch berkanan b b β 2 x10331 𐌲 g γ geuua 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 giba gift gebō 21 ɡ ɡ ɣ x n ŋ 3 x10332 𐌳 d δ daaz 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 dags day dagaz 22 d d ð 4 x10333 𐌴 e ē ε ϵ eyz 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃 aíƕs horse or 𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 eiws yew ehwaz 23 eihwaz eː 5 x10334 𐌵 q ϛ ϰ ⲋ quertra 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰 qaírþra or 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌰 qaírna millstone see perþō kʷ 6 x10335 𐌶 z ζ ezec c likely related to idzēta 25 d z 7 x10336 𐌷 h η haal 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻 hagal or 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍃 hagls hail haglaz haglan h 8 x10337 𐌸 þ th φ ψ ⲑ thyth 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸 þiuþ good e disputed see thurisaz θ 9 x10338 𐌹 i ι iiz 𐌴𐌹𐍃 eis ice īsaz 27 īsan i 10 x10339 𐌺 k κ chozma 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰 kusma or 𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰 kōnja pine sap kaunan k 20 x1033a 𐌻 l λ laaz 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 lagus sea lake laguz 28 l 30 x1033b 𐌼 m μ manna 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 manna man human mannaz m 40 x1033c 𐌽 n ν noicz 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 náuþs need naudiz 29 n 50 x1033d 𐌾 j g ᛃ ⲝ gaar 𐌾𐌴𐍂 jēr year harvest jēran j 60 x1033e 𐌿 u ᚢ ⲟ uraz 𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 ūrus aurochs ūruz 30 u uː 70 x1033f 𐍀 p π pertra 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰 paírþra perþō p 80 x10340 𐍁 ϙ 90 x10341 𐍂 r r ρ reda 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 ráida wagon raidō 31 r 100 x10342 𐍃 s s ϲ sugil 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 sauil sun or 𐍃𐍉𐌾𐌹𐌻 sōjil sun sôwilô s 200 x10343 𐍄 t τ tyz 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍃 tius the god týr tīwaz 32 t 300 x10344 𐍅 w υ uuinne 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 winja field pasture or 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰 winna pain wunjō w y i 33 400 x10345 𐍆 f ϝ f ⲫ fe 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 faíhu wealth chattel fehu 34 ɸ 500 x10346 𐍇 x χ enguz 𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌿𐍃 iggus or 𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 iggws the god yngvi ingwaz 35 k 36 600 x10347 𐍈 ƕ hw θ ⲯ uuaer 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂 hwair kettle hʷ ʍ 700 x10348 𐍉 o ō ω ο ᛟ ⲱ utal 𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌻 ōþal ancestral land ōþala oː 800 x10349 𐍊 ͳ ϡ 900 x1034a 𐍇 x is only used in proper names and loanwords containing greek χ xristus christ galiugaxristus pseudo christ zaxarias zacharias aiwxaristia eucharist 37 the letter numeral 𐍊 900 is not attested in the gothic bible but only in the salzburg vienna manuscript 38 codex vindobonensis 795 39 letter origins edit most of the letters clearly bear a one to one correspondence to matching letters of the greek alphabet 40 having similar forms and sounds and sharing the same value as numerals however a few letters have uncertain or disputed origins and may have been taken from latin or possibly more controversially 41 runic letters these are 𐌵 q its numeric value of 6 corresponds to greek digamma or stigma which may also be the source of its form 41 other possible sources are a cursive variant of kappa ϰ which could strongly resemble a u 42 or latin minuscule q 43 𐌷 h its numeric value of 8 corresponds to greek eta η its form and phonetic value may be borrowed from latin 44 uncial h 45 however snædal 2015 98 argues that there is no need to use latin to explain the form or sound value of the gothic letter 𐌸 þ its numeric value of 9 corresponds to greek theta θ θ it is used for theta in the gothic transcription of greek names such as 𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌿 𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 teimau þ aius for τιμό θ εος its form may be derived from theta via the 4th century cursive form ϑ 46 alternatively its form has been argued to derive from greek phi φ 47 f or psi ψ ps with phonetic reassignment or from runic ᚦ which had a φ shaped variant around the time of the creation of the gothic alphabet 48 𐌾 j its numeric value of 60 corresponds to greek xi ξ ks its form may be derived from latin g ɡ 49 greek ξ the greek epsilon iota ligature or runic ᛃ 50 the last of which is itself speculated to be derived from greek epsilon iota ligature 𐌿 u its numeric value of 70 corresponds to greek omicron ο originally named οὖ uː 51 52 its form may be derived from greek ο or from runic ᚢ u 53 𐍈 ƕ its numeric value of 700 corresponds to greek psi ψ ps its form is potentially derived from greek θ θ with phonetic reassignment or from greek ο o possibly the letterform was switched with 𐌸 41 also possibly pictographic in nature with o for rounding and for aspiration 54 𐍉 o its numeric value of 800 corresponds to greek omega ω its form may be derived from greek ω or from runic ᛟ 55 14 an alternative proposal 56 derives it from a cursive form of greek omicron ο snædal 2015 103 argues that this better matches the shape of the gothic letter though the variant of greek omicron is often vertically mirrored compared to the gothic letter and that the use of greek omicron to represent close mid o would be symmetrical to the use of greek epsilon to represent close mid e on the other hand miller argues that the idea that 𐍉 was derived from omicron does not explain why it has the same numerical value and alphabetical position as omega with the pronounced gothic alphabet being ordered from 𐌰 to 𐍉 like the greek alphabet is ordered from α to ω 56 𐍂 r 𐍃 s and 𐍆 f appear to be derived from their latin equivalents rather than from the greek although the equivalent runic letters ᚱ ᛋ and ᚠ assumed to have been part of the gothic futhark possibly played some role in this choice 57 58 however snædal claims that wulfila s knowledge of runes was questionable to say the least as the paucity of inscriptions attests that knowledge and use of runes was rare among the east germanic peoples 41 miller refutes this claim stating that it is not implausible that wulfila used a runic script in his creation of the gothic alphabet noting six other authors wimmer mensel hermann d alquen rousseau and falluomini who support the idea of the gothic alphabet having runic contributions 56 some variants of 𐍃 s are shaped like a sigma and more obviously derive from the greek σ 41 diacritics and punctuation edit diacritics and punctuation used in the codex argenteus include a trema ̈ placed on 𐌹 i transliterated as ï used at the start of a word or syllable 59 the interpunct and colon as well as overlines to indicate sigla such as xaus for xristaus and numerals unicode edit the gothic alphabet was added to the unicode standard in march 2001 with the release of version 3 1 the unicode block for gothic is u 10330 u 1034f in the supplementary multilingual plane as older software that uses ucs 2 the predecessor of utf 16 assumes that all unicode codepoints can be expressed as 16 bit numbers u ffff or lower the basic multilingual plane problems may be encountered using the gothic alphabet unicode range and others outside of the basic multilingual plane gothic 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 1033x 𐌰 𐌱 𐌲 𐌳 𐌴 𐌵 𐌶 𐌷 𐌸 𐌹 𐌺 𐌻 𐌼 𐌽 𐌾 𐌿 u 1034x 𐍀 𐍁 𐍂 𐍃 𐍄 𐍅 𐍆 𐍇 𐍈 𐍉 𐍊 notes 1 as of unicode version 18 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points see also edit ring of pietroassa help gothic unicode fonts notes edit according to the testimony of the historians philostorgius socrates of constantinople and sozomen 1 the forms which are not attested in the gothic corpus are marked with an asterisk for a detailed discussion of the reconstructed forms cf 17 for a survey of the relevant literature cf 18 zacher arrives at iuya iwja or ius cognate to on ȳr oe īw ēow ohg īwa yew tree though he admits having no ready explanation for the form ezec cf 24 conventionally called algiz or elhaz but unclear original name zacher assents to a hypothesis of the brothers grimm that the alcuin name thyth is not germanic but instead is a phonetic adaptation of the name of greek theta based on comparison with old english zacher reconstructs 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 þaúrnus thorn as the original gothic rune name this name was also previously postulated by munch 26 references edit streitberg 1910 20 cercignani 1988 168 miller 2019 22 23 marchand 1973 16 cercignani 1988 171 cercignani 1988 168 169 marchand 1973 17 snædal 2015 97 miller 2019 25 miller 2019 6 7 13 snædal 2015 96 cercignani 1988 169 jensen 1969 474 1 2 haarmann 1991 434 miller 2019 22 cercignani 1988 179 kirchhoff 1854 zacher 1855 miller 2019 21 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 zacher 1855 10 13 miller 2019 22 zacher 1855 vi 2 3 13 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 33 miller 2019 22 miller 2019 22 streitberg 1910 47 wright 1910 5 marchand 1973 15 miller 2019 24 snædal 2015 96 98 1 2 3 4 5 snædal 2015 snædal 2015 99 marchand 1973 19 marchand 1973 19 miller 2019 25 marchand 1973 20 25 snædal 2015 99 mees 2002 2003 65 snædal 2015 101 marchand 1973 21 snædal 2015 98 cercignani 1988 173 kirchhoff 1854 55 miller 2019 23 marchand 1973 22 1 2 3 miller 2019 25 kirchhoff 1854 55 56 friesen 1915 306 310 miller 2019 24 sources edit cercignani fausto 1988 the elaboration of the gothic alphabet and orthography indogermanische forschungen 93 168 185 doi 10 1515 9783110243352 168 friesen otto von 1915 hoops j ed gotische schrift reallexikon der germanischen altertumskunde 2 strassburg karl j trübner 306 310 haarmann harald 1991 universalgeschichte der schrift frankfurt campus isbn 3 593 34346 0 jensen hans 1969 die schrift in vergangenheit und gegenwart berlin deutscher verlag der wissenschaften kirchhoff adolf 1854 das gothische runenalphabet in german berlin wilhelm hertz oclc 1042908167 ol 14002786m retrieved 3 january 2025 marchand james 1973 the sounds and phonemes of wulfila s go...