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r thames is the defining geographic feature of the area entering it near hampton in the west and flowing east before exiting downstream of dagenham several tributaries of the thames flow through the area but are now mostly culverted and form part of london s sewerage system the land immediately north and south of the river is flat but rises to low hills further away notably hampstead heath shooter s hill and sydenham hill the area s highest point is westerham heights 245 m 804 ft part of the north downs in the north east the area contains part of epping forest an ancient woodland the city of london has had its own government since the anglo saxon period the first london wide directly elected local government was the london county council established for the county of london in 1889 which covered the core of the urban area in 1965 the county was abolished and replaced by greater london a two tier administrative area governed by the greater london council thirty two london boroughs and the city of london corporation 6 the greater london council was abolished in 1986 and its responsibilities largely taken over by the boroughs the greater london authority was formed in 2000 administrative history edit main article history of local government in london the term greater london was used before it was established by statute in 1965 it referred to the metropolitan police district the area served by the metropolitan water board the london passenger transport area and the area defined by the registrar general as the greater london conurbation 7 8 9 the term was also used for the greater london arterial road programme devised between 1913 and 1916 and the greater london planning region devised in 1927 which occupied 1 856 square miles 4 810 km 2 and included 9 million people 10 8 proposals to expand the county of london edit arms of the former london county council although the london county council lcc and county of london were created in 1889 the area did not cover all of london london s built up area postal district transport network and metropolitan police district extended vastly beyond the boundaries of the new administrative county many of the lcc housing projects including the vast becontree estate were also outside its boundaries 11 the lcc pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the first world war noting that within the metropolitan and city police districts there were 122 housing authorities a royal commission on london government was set up to consider the issue 12 13 the lcc proposed a vast new area for greater london with a boundary somewhere between the metropolitan police district and the home counties 14 protests were made at the possibility of including windsor slough and eton in the authority 15 the commission made its report in 1923 rejecting the lcc s scheme two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts including both smaller borough councils and a central authority for strategic functions the london traffic act 1924 was a result of the commission 16 reform of local government in the county of london and its environs was next considered by the royal commission on local government in greater london chaired by sir edwin herbert which issued the herbert report after three years of work in 1960 the commission applied three tests to decide if a community should form part of greater london how strong is the area as an independent centre in its own right how strong are its ties to london and how strongly is it drawn outwards towards the country rather than inwards towards london greater london is created edit greater london was created by the london government act 1963 which came into force on 1 april 1965 replacing the administrative counties of middlesex and london including the city of london where the london county council had limited powers and absorbing parts of essex hertfordshire kent and surrey greater london originally had a two tier system of local government with the greater london council glc sharing power with the city of london corporation governing the small city of london and the 32 london borough councils the glc was abolished in 1986 by the local government act 1985 its functions were devolved to the city corporation and the london boroughs with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards 17 greater london formed the london region in 1994 greater london authority edit arms of the greater london authority the same arms were used by the greater london council the 1998 london referendum established a public will to recreate an upper tier of government to cover the region the greater london authority london assembly and the directly elected mayor of london were created in 2000 by the greater london authority act 1999 in 2000 the outer boundary of the metropolitan police district was re aligned to the greater london boundary the 2000 and 2004 mayoral elections were won by ken livingstone who had been the final leader of the glc the 2008 and 2012 elections were won by boris johnson the 2016 2021 and 2024 elections were won by sadiq khan london was covered by a single parliamentary constituency in the european parliament before brexit geography edit map of greater london showing railway lines primary roads motorways and suburban towns the london postal district in red in contrast to greater london greater london includes the most closely associated parts of the greater london urban area and their historic buffers and includes in five boroughs significant parts of the metropolitan green belt which protects designated greenfield land in a similar way to the city s parks the closest and furthest boundaries clarification needed are with essex to the northeast between sewardstonebury next to epping forest and chingford and with the mar dyke between bulphan and north ockendon greater london is also bounded by hertfordshire to the north berkshire and buckinghamshire to the west kent to the southeast and surrey to the south and southwest the highest point is westerham heights in the north downs and on the boundary with kent at 245 m 804 ft 18 central government has implemented small boundary changes the greatest were the 1969 transfers of farleigh to surrey and knockholt to kent 19 others have included exchange of two thames islands with surrey and adjustments during the 1990s to parts of the boundaries of three boroughs near the m25 20 the only part of greater london outside the motorway is north ockendon the furthest land unit from its centre the majority of greater london forms the london low emission zone lez and the ultra low emission zone ulez the london postal district does not cover all of greater london 21 22 23 governance edit this article is part of a series within the politics of england on the politics of london greater london authority mayor of london list sadiq khan l statutory deputy mayor joanne mccartney l co mayoral cabinet mayoral elections 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2021 2024 2028 london assembly chair constituencies elections 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2021 2024 london budget transport for london commissioner of transport for london london fire brigade london fire commissioner gla land and property london legacy development corporation london climate change agency old oak and park royal development corporation international relations mayor s office for policing and crime london plan 1998 referendum 1999 act 2007 act political parties london councils city of london corporation lord mayor peter estlin court of aldermen court of common council elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2022 freemen livery sheriffs wards london boroughs list wards council make up barking and dagenham barnet bexley brent bromley camden croydon ealing enfield greenwich hackney hammersmith and fulham haringey harrow havering hillingdon hounslow islington kensington and chelsea kingston upon thames lambeth lewisham merton newham redbridge richmond upon thames southwark sutton tower hamlets waltham forest wandsworth westminster elections 1900 1903 1906 1909 1912 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1945 1949 1953 1956 1959 1962 1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 london and the united kingdom parliamentary constituencies london government act 1963 lord lieutenant ken olisa london as a metonym for the politics of the united kingdom members of parliament conservative labour liberal democrat london independence london politics v t e this article is part of a series within the politics of the united kingdom on the politics of england the crown the monarch charles iii heir apparent william prince of wales prerogative royal family succession privy council king in parliament king in council lord lieutenant england and wales kingdom of england english republicanism governance hm government burnham ministry prime minister andy burnham l first secretary of state louise haigh l english departments ministry of housing communities and local government secretary department for education secretary department for environment food and rural affairs secretary department of health and social care secretary department for transport secretary other departments agencies and bodies taxation west lothian question former english votes for english laws state owned enterprises minister for london regional minister legislative king in parliament charles iii house of lords lord speaker the lord mcfall of alcluith reform of the house of lords house of commons speaker sir lindsay hoyle mps for constituencies regional affairs committee english law acts list statutory instruments list members mps list current members elections by elections political parties prime minister s questions parliamentary commissioner for standards palace of westminster london 10 downing street london elections constituencies east east midlands london north east north west south east south west west midlands yorks and humber devolution number 10 north ministry of housing communities and local government strategic authorities greater london authority mayor of london london assembly combined authorities and combined county authorities strategic authority mayors mayoral council for england international relations greater london barnett formula devolution proposed english parliament proposed regional assembly devolved matters unionism independence sub national cornish assembly devolution to the north of england politics of the united kingdom devolution in the united kingdom law and justice english law judiciary king on the bench charles iii supreme court president the lord reed of allermuir high court of justice courts law enforcement agencies police forces police and crime commissioner list local administration history subdivisions of england historic counties ceremonial counties metropolitan and non metropolitan counties metropolitan county non metropolitan county greater london unitary authorities list districts list metropolitan borough non metropolitan district london boroughs civil parishes list former rural and urban districts in 1973 urban in 1896 1974 urban in 1894 95 directly elected local authority mayors local twinning regions east of england london east midlands west midlands north east north west south east south west yorkshire and the humber elections uk general elections in england 1801 co option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 jan 1910 dec 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 feb 1974 oct 1979 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019 2024 local elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 police and crime commissioner elections 2012 2016 2021 referendums 1915 1916 border parishes 1975 2004 north east 2011 2016 mayoral category england portal other countries v t e greater london authority edit greater london is under the strategic local governance of the greater london authority gla 24 it consists of an elected assembly the london assembly and an executive head the mayor of london 25 the current mayor not to be confused with the lord mayor of london is sadiq khan he is scrutinised by the elected london assembly which may amend his annual budget by two thirds majority but otherwise lacks the power to block his directives the headquarters of the gla previously at city hall in southwark moved to the crystal in newham in january 2022 26 the mayor is responsible for greater london s strategic planning and is required to produce or amend the london plan each electoral cycle uk parliament edit further information parliamentary constituencies in london london is divided into 73 parliamentary borough constituencies formed from the combined area of several wards from one or more boroughs typically a borough is covered by two or three constituencies status edit the london region does not have city status granted by the crown the cities of london and westminster within it have received formal city status 27 a despite this greater london is commonly regarded as a city in the general senses of a conurbation and a municipality a lord lieutenant of greater london is appointed for its area excluding the city of london for the purposes of the lieutenancies act 1997 this area is defined as a county 28 the term london usually refers to region or to the conurbation but not often to the ancient tiny city of london 29 30 that small area is often referred to as the city or the square mile and it forms the main financial district archaically the urbanised area of london was known as the metropolis in common usage the terms london and greater london are usually used interchangeably 29 greater london is officially divided for some purposes with varying definitions into inner london and outer london for some strategic planning purposes it is divided into five sub regions local government edit further information london boroughs greater london is divided into 32 london boroughs each governed by a london borough council the city of london has a unique government dating back to the 12th century and is separate from the county of greater london although is still part of the region served by the greater london authority 29 all london borough councils belong to the london councils association three london boroughs carry the honorific title of royal borough kensington and chelsea kingston and greenwich within the city of london are the liberties of middle temple and inner temple croydon brixton romford kingston upon thames harrow bromley beckenham wimbledon greenwich enfield westminster south bank ilford chingford camden stratford dalston richmond wembley hayes uxbridge tottenham city bexleyheath edgware upminster woolwich sutton ealing hounslow barnet barking walthamstow lewisham districts of the london ...