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ism however this initiative did not take root and the patriarchates were once again divided 37 vii xi centuries edit church of saint peter in antioch from 637 syria came under the rule of the arab caliphate the situation of the greek orthodox was severely complicated as the arabs considered them not only infidels but also allies of byzantium for this reason the antiochian greek patriarchs were forced to live in exile in constantinople and after the death of george ii c 702 this line was interrupted only in 742 did caliph hisham allow the election of the syrian monk stephen to the antiochian see on the condition of his complete loyalty 38 cooperation with muslim authorities sometimes exceeded all limits for example patriarch job accompanied the arab army in the campaign against amorium in 838 and persuaded byzantine fortresses to surrender to the arabs 39 byzantine emperor nikephoros ii phokas 963 969 after several victories over the arabs liberated antioch and several other territories however the military failures of the muslims increased interconfessional tension every triumph of nikephoros provoked pogroms against christians in palestine and syria one of the victims of these persecutions was the antiochian patriarch christopher who was killed in 967 40 the byzantine period lasting until 1084 became an era of revival for the patriarchate 41 xi xvi centuries edit saint george s cathedral in hama in december 1084 during a sudden strike the seljuks captured antioch the mere establishment of seljuk rule in the near east in the late 11th century did not result in a significant deterioration of the social status of local christians they suffered mainly like the rest of the population from political instability in syria endless wars of small emirates and forced territorial partitions 42 in 1097 european crusaders appeared in the eastern mediterranean after the crusaders victories the relations between them and the local christians were complex and ambiguous not simply friendly or hostile local christians felt closer ties with their fellow crusader christians than with arab muslims 43 nevertheless some scholars agree that relations between orthodox and catholics in outremer were generally good this is evidenced by the growth of the orthodox population in the principality of antioch including an influx of refugees from other regions under muslim rule 44 however the latins still considered their eastern co religionists as inferior christians attempting to subject orthodox christians to catholic clergy by 1100 patriarch john the oxite was expelled from antioch replaced by the latin prelate bernard of valencia latin patriarchs soon began replacing orthodox bishops with catholics in conquered territories forcing the antiochian see into exile in constantinople these catholic persecutions did not last long in 1165 antiochian prince bohemond iii had to appeal to byzantine emperor manuel i komnenos who demanded the immediate restoration of the orthodox hierarchy and equal rights with catholics thereafter patriarch athanasius i arrived in the city and began residing at the cathedral of st peter 45 by 1291 the crusaders lost their last possessions in the east they were replaced by fanatical mamluks who destroyed churches and exterminated the clergy to eradicate any trace of christianity as a result christians who had constituted nearly half of the population of syria and palestine in the 11th century became an overwhelming minority over the next 200 years scattered across small communities their situation worsened further after the fall of byzantium in 1453 46 in 1342 the patriarchal see was transferred to damascus where it remains to this day 47 xvi xix centuries edit epistle of the patriarch of antioch to the lviv dormition brotherhood 1586 in 1517 damascus was captured by the ottoman empire and the antiochian patriarch came under the administrative authority of the patriarch of constantinople in syria the church was subjected to a special tax for non muslims and for delayed payments even metropolitans or patriarchs could be imprisoned at the same time the orthodox community was not subjected to systematic religious persecution and there were no recorded cases of mass or forced islamization in the arab provinces of the ottoman empire the only period of persecution of orthodox christians in the near east was connected with the greek uprising of the 1820s when patriarch seraphim narrowly escaped execution 48 patriarchatus antiocheni 1640 by melchior tavernier in 1724 cyril vi tanas was elected the new patriarch of antioch as cyril was considered to be pro western the patriarch jeremias iii of constantinople feared that his own authority would be compromised by the former s ascent jeremias therefore declared cyril s election to be invalid excommunicated him and ordained the greek hierodeacon sylvester of antioch as a priest and bishop so that the latter might take cyril s place 49 sylvester considered unyielding and uncompromising by both supporters and opponents exacerbated divisions within the church with his heavy handed rule and many melkites reacted by instead acknowledging cyril s claim to the patriarchal throne sylvester began a five year campaign of persecution enforced by ottoman turkish troops against cyril and the melkite faithful who supported him forcing him to find refuge in lebanon 50 five years after the election of cyril vi in 1729 pope benedict xiii recognized him as patriarch of antioch and recognized his followers as being in full communion with the catholic church and the pope of rome thus formalizing the schism and the formation of the melkite greek catholic church 51 according to various estimates the number of orthodox believers in the antiochian patriarchate in the mid 19th century reached 60 110 thousand approximately 8 9 of the total population of syria 48 in 1860 syrian christians suffered a tragedy when during a massacre and pogrom in damascus a significant part of the city s christian community was destroyed and all churches were ruined 52 in 1898 the election of an arab syrian candidate to the patriarchal throne was diplomatically supported by russian diplomacy with the participation of the imperial orthodox palestine society in the context of the arab orthodox movement meletius dumani was elected patriarch in 1898 and enthroned in april 1899 since then the patriarch of antioch has been elected from among orthodox arabs 48 modern history edit founders of the antiochian orthodox archdiocese of north america since 1908 the patriarchate annually received 30 000 rubles from the personal funds of the russian emperor nicholas ii 53 54 in 1913 patriarch of antioch gregory iv made an official visit to russia participating in the celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the romanov dynasty and in many services in various cities of the empire 53 according to the lausanne treaty of 1923 part of the territory of the antiochian orthodox church cilicia şanlıurfa and mardin became part of the republic of turkey by agreement with greece on population exchange all orthodox were deported from these areas despite protests and claims that they were arabs not greeks 55 on the eve of world war ii the french authorities handed over the district of alexandretta where antioch is located to turkey this action worsened the situation of the local christian population 55 in 1929 part of the orthodox population of lebanon sought the creation of an autocephalous lebanese church arguing that ecclesiastical independence was a logical consequence of political sovereignty these aspirations were supported by the french authorities but met with strong opposition from syrians after tense negotiations in beirut and zahlé 1929 the parties agreed that the patriarchal see would remain in damascus the prolonged election procedure for a new patriarch ended in february 1931 with the election in beirut of a candidate from the lebanese faction metropolitan of laodicea arsenius haddad soon thereafter metropolitan of tripoli alexander tahhan was elected in damascus after arsenius death in january 1933 he united the entire patriarchate under his authority 56 throughout the 20th century arab christians emigrated from the middle east many settling in north america where until 1918 they were under the jurisdiction of the russian orthodox church after the russian revolution of 1917 which caused ecclesiastical unrest in north america the syrian arab parishes partly joined the russian north american metropolia and partly remained under the direct jurisdiction of the antiochian patriarchate 57 antiochian orthodox christians from junín argentina 1962 the antiochian patriarchate managed to reach an agreement with the russian north american metropolia to transfer all arab dioceses under its omophorion but the planned ordination of two bishops in 1936 led to a new schism instead of ordaining one of them as a vicar bishop the hierarchs of the russian orthodox church abroad within which the north american metropolia was then included ordained him as archbishop of toledo creating a separate independent church 57 in 1972 the current charter of the greek orthodox patriarchate of antioch and all the east was adopted by the holy synod of antioch 58 only in 1975 was the schism of the antiochian church in america overcome on 24 june 1975 metropolitan philip saliba of the antiochian archdiocese of new york and metropolitan michael shaheen of the antiochian archdiocese of toledo ohio signed the articles of reunification a document restoring administrative unity among the antiochian orthodox in the usa and canada on 19 august 1975 the articles were approved by the synod of the antiochian patriarchate 57 in october 2003 the antiochian patriarchate s north american metropolias were granted self governance by the synod vicar bishops of the metropolia were elevated to diocesan rank 59 in march 2013 the jerusalem patriarchate appointed archbishop makarios mavrogiannakis as bishop to the newly established qatar diocese asserting its historical and canonical jurisdiction over the region as part of its broader ecclesiastical presence in the arabian peninsula 60 this decision was strongly opposed by the antiochian orthodox church which claimed that qatar fell within its canonical territory as part of the patriarchate of antioch s jurisdiction over all of the arabian peninsula 61 negotiations between the two patriarchates failed to resolve the dispute despite mediation attempts within the wider orthodox world 62 since none of the antiochian patriarchate s demands were met on 27 june 2015 the synod of the antiochian patriarchate decided to sever all ecclesiastical communion with the jerusalem patriarchate deepening the rift and marking one of the most serious inter orthodox disputes of the 21st century 63 orthodox easter in as suwayda in 2023 in the context of the armed conflict in israel and gaza strip the holy synod of the antiochian patriarchate decided to restore communion with the jerusalem orthodox church citing the need to support the faithful of the jerusalem patriarchate in the difficult conditions caused by the conflict and to demonstrate pan orthodox unity in a time of crisis 64 the jerusalem patriarchate received and welcomed the decision of the patriarchate of antioch thereby ending the schism 65 on 22 june 2025 during the divine liturgy at the antiochian orthodox mar elias church in damascus the capital of syria a suicide bomber detonated an explosive device killing 30 people and injuring 54 others 66 the islamist terrorist group saraya ansar al sunnah claimed responsibility for the attack while the syrian government attributed it to the islamic state 67 demographics edit st nicholas antiochian orthodox cathedral brooklyn the majority of the adherents of the greek orthodox church of antioch are ethnic arabs primarily from syria and lebanon 68 prior to the outbreak of the syrian civil war in 2011 syria had an estimated christian population of approximately 2 1 million accounting for around 10 of the country s total population of these more than 1 1 million roughly half of all syrian christians belonged to the greek orthodox church of antioch the civil war led to a significant decline in syria s christian population as large numbers of christians emigrated abroad particularly to europe the americas and other countries in the middle east 69 68 70 71 72 lebanon has approximately 312 725 greek orthodox christians who account for around 8 of the country s population and constitute the second largest christian denomination after the maronite church 73 in addition a significant proportion of the church s adherents are descendants of middle eastern christians who emigrated to western countries during the early 20th century as well as individuals who converted to eastern orthodoxy in the 21st century 5 administration and structure edit the administration and structure of the antiochian see are governed by statutes world jurisdictions of eastern orthodox churches as of 2022 patriarchate edit main article greek orthodox patriarch of antioch the patriarch is elected by the holy synod from among the metropolitans who compose it the patriarch presides the holy synod and executes its decisions he also acts as metropolitan of the archdiocese of antioch and damascus the current patriarch john x yazigi 74 was elected on december 17 2012 succeeding to metropolitan saba esber who had been elected locum tenens on december 7 2012 following ignatius iv hazim s death 75 archdioceses and metropolitans edit there are at present 22 archdioceses each headed by a metropolitan 76 77 western asia edit archdiocese of antioch and damascus patriarchal archdiocese archdiocese of akkar and dependencies wadi al nasara safita and tartus basilios mansour 2008 78 archdiocese of aleppo and their dependencies ephreim maalouli 2021 79 archdiocese of beirut and exarchate of phœnicia elias audi 1980 80 archdiocese of baghdad kuwait and dependencies ghattas hazim 2014 81 82 archdiocese of bosra hauran and jabal al arab saba esber 1999 83 archdiocese of byblos and batroun siluan muci 2018 84 archdiocese of hama epiphania and exarchate of north syria nicholas baalbaki 2017 85 archdiocese of homs emesa george khoury 2023 86 archdiocese of latakia laodicea ad mare and exarchate of theodorias athanasius fahd 2018 87 archdiocese of diyarbakır paul yazigi 2021 79 88 archdiocese of tarsus adana and alexandretta newly established on 13 october 2025 and provisionally headed by a patriarchal representative 89 archdiocese of tripoli and koura ephraim kyriakos 2009 90 archdiocese of tyre and sidon elias kfoury 1995 91 archdiocese of zahleh and baalbek heliopolis antonios el soury nov 14 2015 92 asia and oceania edit archdiocese of australia new zealand and the philippines basilios qoudsiah 2017 europe edit archdiocese of the british isles and ireland silouan oner 2015 93 archdiocese of france western and southern europe ignat...