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rthbound chthonic entities worshippers treated them with cautious reverence fearing that neglected spirits could inflict disease or misfortune 2 hero cults primarily honored men in practice however devotees usually paid respects to an entire family group this included female relatives associated with the hero such as his wife mother or daughters 3 origins and nature of hero cult edit scholars situate the origins of the hero cult in the greek dark ages c 1180 800 bc a period of ancient greek history which followed the wider late bronze age collapse that affected much of the eastern mediterranean in greece the mycenaean civilization collapsed as palaces and cities were destroyed or abandoned in the 10th century bc pre literate greeks of the dark ages likely invented a vanished age of heroes to interpret bronze age ruins and tumuli burial mounds and familial practices associated with these sites presumably a form of ancestor worship 4 dark age greeks began to invent stories to individuate the persons whom they believed to be buried in these old and imposing sites according to robin lane fox citation needed with the emergence of the polis in the archaic age which followed the dark ages populations began imitating their ancestors ritual practices by making organized votive offerings 5 at sites such as lefkandi but lacking historical records or remembered names for the specific individuals buried at these sites these greeks incorporated their historical memory into an oral tradition about the dead heroes that later produced epic poetry including the iliad and the odyssey 4 greek hero cults were distinct from the clan based ancestor worship from which they developed 6 as the polis evolved hero cults became civic rather than familial affairs and in many cases none of the worshipers traced their descent back to the hero while the ancestor was purely local the hero might be tended to in more than one locality according to lewis richard farnell the hero cult was deeply influenced by the epic tradition which suggested many a name to forgotten graves 7 john coldstream believed that the popularity of epic poetry could explain the presence of votive offerings in dorian regions where an alien immigrant population might otherwise be expected to show little reverence for their mycenaean predecessors 8 9 cult of oedipus on a lucanian amphora ca 380 70 bc louvre ca 308 aside from the epic tradition which featured the heroes alive and in action rather than as objects of cultus 10 the earliest written reference to hero cult is attributed to dracon the athenian lawgiver of the late seventh century bc who prescribed that gods and local heroes should both be honoured according to ancestral custom the custom then was already established and there were multiple local heroes 11 the written sources emphasise the importance of heroes tombs and the temenos or sanctuary where chthonic rites appeased their spirits and induced them to continue to favour the people who looked to them as founders of whom founding myths were related in the hero s restricted and local scope he retained the limited and partisan interests of his mortal life he would help those who lived in the vicinity of his tomb or who belonged to the tribe of which he himself was the founder observes robert parker 12 james whitley interprets the co opting of hero cults by the city state as a strategic political gesture as evidence he points to the monumental 490 bc marathon tumuli where athens interred its cremated citizen heroes who died in the battle of marathon offering trenches surrounding the mound indicate that these fallen soldiers were honored with traditional chthonic rites 13 types of hero cult edit offerings to a deified hero and another deity depicted on a greek marble relief ca 300 bc archaeologist james whitley distinguishes four types of hero cult 14 oikist cults of founders edit such cults arose in colonies in the hellenic world in magna graecia and sicily at the grave of the founder the oikist from oikos family unit 15 in the case of cults at the tombs of the recently heroised it must be assumed that the identity of the occupant of the tomb was unequivocally known thucydides v 11 1 gives the example of brasidas at amphipolis battus of cyrene might also be mentioned such historical examples whitley notes have clearly colored the interpretation of certain tomb cults in the archaic period c 800 to 480 bc such archaic sites as the heroön at lefkandi and that close to the west gate at eretria cannot be distinguished by archaeological methods from family observances at tombs tomb cults and the cult of ancestors cults to named heroes edit further information list of mortals in greek mythology heroes a number of cult sites known in classical times 510 to 323 bc were dedicated to known heroes especially of the iliad and other episodes of the epic cycle whitley notes that figures such as odysseus agamemnon and menelaus also all have strong local connections the cults of oedipus at athens and pelops at olympia are examples cults to local heroes edit such local figures do not figure among the panhellenic figures of epic examples are akademos and erechtheus at athens cults at bronze age tombs edit these are represented archaeologically by iron age deposits in mycenaean tombs not easily interpreted because of the gap in time between the bronze age collapse and the appearance of the earliest votive objects a sherd from above the grave circle a at mycenae is simply inscribed to the hero and whitley suggests that an unnamed race of the silver age might have been invoked in attica such cults are those associated with tholos tombs at thorikos and menidhi 16 women and the hero cult edit hero cults were offered most prominently to men though in practice the experience of the votary was of propitiating a cluster of family figures which included wives mothers and daughters of a hero 3 in moses finley s observation of the world of odysseus which he reads as a nostalgic eighth century rendering of dark age greece penelope became a moral heroine for later generations the embodiment of goodness and chastity to be contrasted with the faithless murdering clytemnestra agamemnon s wife but hero has no feminine gender in the age of heroes 17 where local cults venerated figures like the sacrificial virgin iphigenia an archaic local nymph was transformed into a mortal figure of legend other isolated women served as priestess initiators for local cults while iconographic and epigraphic evidence depicts heroines as fundamentally similar to heroes heroines were typically relegated to lesser stature within patriarchal greek culture 3 whitley notes that the earliest heroa associate the male hero with earlier and stronger female presences 14 see also edit bodhisattva chinese hero cult culture hero deification demigod dharmapala imperial cult of ancient rome kami shen chinese religion thracian religion vrishni heroes references edit parker robert 1986 greek religion in boardman john griffin jasper murray oswyn eds the oxford history of greece and the hellenistic world oxford oxford university press published 2001 isbn 9780191500626 retrieved 17 november 2018 the term hero had a technical sense in greek religion a hero was a figure less powerful than a god to whom cult was paid he was normally conceived as a mortal who had died and the typical site of such a cult was a tomb but various kinds of minor supernatural figure came to be assimilated to the class and as in the case of heracles the distinction between a hero and a god could be uncertain 1 2 antonaccio carla m july 1994 contesting the past hero cult tomb cult and epic in early greece american journal of archaeology 98 3 389 410 doi 10 2307 506436 issn 0002 9114 jstor 506436 s2cid 192969382 1 2 3 larson jennifer 1995 greek heroine cults madison university of wisconsin press p 144 isbn 978 0 299 14370 1 heroine cults fit well into our modern view of ancient greek culture as firmly androcentric though not as androcentric as some would have had us believe 1 2 carla maria antonaccio an archaeology of ancestors tomb cult and hero cult in early greece 1995 and lefkandi and homer in o anderson and m dickie homer s world fiction tradition and reality 1995 i morris tomb cult and the greek renaissance antiquity 62 1988 750 61 whitley james april 1994 the monuments that stood before marathon tomb cult and hero cult in archaic attica american journal of archaeology 98 2 213 230 doi 10 2307 506636 jstor 506636 s2cid 190728749 the cult of heroes everywhere has the same features as the cult of ancestors the remains of a true cult of ancestors provided the model and were the real starting point for the later belief and cult of heroes rohde 1925 125 farnell 1921 283ff antonaccio 1994 395 coldstream hero cults in the age of homer journal of the hellenic society 96 1976 8 17 r k hack homer and the cult of heroes transactions of the american philological association 60 1929 57 74 carla m antonaccio contesting the past hero cult tomb cult and epic in early greece american journal of archaeology 98 3 july 1994 389 410 parker 1988 250 inscriptions reveal that offerings were still being made to the heroised dead in the first century bc the tumulus is discussed in whitley the monuments that stood before marathon tomb cult and hero cult in archaic attica american journal of archaeology 98 2 april 1994 213 30 1 2 whitley1994 220ff a general study of oikist cults is i malkin religion and colonization in ancient greece leiden 1987 189 266 heinrich schliemann mycenae adduced by whitley 1994 222 and note 44 finley the world of odysseus 1954 rev ed 1978 pp 32ff sources edit antonaccio carla m july 1994 contesting the past hero cult tomb cult and epic in early greece american journal of archaeology 98 3 389 410 doi 10 2307 506436 issn 0002 9114 jstor 506436 s2cid 192969382 antonaccio carla m 1995 an archaeology of ancestors tomb cult and hero cult in early greece lanham md rowman littlefield isbn 978 0 8476 7941 6 antonaccio carla m 1995 lefkandi and homer in andersen øivind dickie matthew eds homer s world fiction tradition and reality papers from the norwegian institute at athens vol 3 bergen norwegian institute at athens isbn 978 82 991411 9 2 coldstream j n 1976 hero cults in the age of homer the journal of hellenic studies 96 8 17 doi 10 2307 631221 jstor 631221 farnell lewis r 1921 greek hero cults and ideas of immortality oxford clarendon press finley m i 1978 1954 the world of odysseus revised ed new york viking press pp 32ff hack r k 1929 homer and the cult of heroes transactions and proceedings of the american philological association 60 57 74 doi 10 2307 282883 jstor 282883 kearns emily 1989 the heroes of attica bulletin of the institute of classical studies supplement vol 57 london institute of classical studies university of london isbn 978 0 900587 54 2 larson jennifer 1995 greek heroine cults madison university of wisconsin press isbn 978 0 299 14370 1 malkin irad 1987 religion and colonization in ancient greece leiden brill pp 189 266 isbn 978 90 04 07119 3 morris ian 1988 tomb cult and the greek renaissance the past in the present in the 8th century bc antiquity 62 237 750 761 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00075217 parker robert 1986 greek religion in boardman john griffin jasper murray oswyn eds the oxford history of greece and the hellenistic world oxford oxford university press published 2001 isbn 9780191500626 retrieved 17 november 2018 rohde erwin 1925 psyche the cult of souls and belief in immortality among the greeks london kegan paul trench trubner co schliemann heinrich 1878 mycenae a narrative of researches and discoveries at mycenae and tiryns london john murray whitley james april 1994 the monuments that stood before marathon tomb cult and hero cult in archaic attica american journal of archaeology 98 2 213 230 doi 10 2307 506636 jstor 506636 s2cid 190728749 further reading edit boehringer d 2001 heroenkulte in griechenland von der geometrischen bis zur klassischen zeit attika argolis messenien in german berlin akademie verlag isbn 978 3 05 003643 4 currie bruno 2005 pindar and the cult of heroes oxford classical monographs oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 927724 7 ekroth gunnel 2002 the sacrificial rituals of greek hero cults in the archaic and classical periods kernos supplement vol 12 liège centre international d étude de la religion grecque antique isbn 978 2 87037 338 5 kerényi karl 1959 the heroes of the greeks translated by rose h j london thames hudson isbn 978 0 500 27010 3 cite book isbn date incompatibility help larson jennifer 2007 ancient greek cults a guide london routledge isbn 978 0 415 32448 9 lyons deborah 1996 gender and immortality heroines in ancient greek myth and cult princeton nj princeton university press isbn 978 0 691 02684 8 nagy gregory 1979 the best of the achaeans concepts of the hero in archaic greek poetry baltimore johns hopkins university press isbn 978 0 8018 2388 6 v t e ancient greek religion and mythology religion and religious practice main beliefs ages of man golden age heroic age ancient accounts of homer apotheosis arete cult of zeus daemon destiny eudaimonia euhemerism eunoia eusebeia golden mean golden rule greek words for love hemitheos hero cult hubris interpretatio graeca katabasis kleos know thyself metamorphosis metempsychosis nympholepsy paradoxography patron gods pederasty phronesis polytheism sophrosyne soter theia mania xenia texts odes epic poems epic cycle aethiopis cypria iliad iliupersis little iliad nostoi odyssey telegony theban cycle oedipodea thebaid epigoni alcmeonis others aesop s fables aretalogy argonautica bibliotheca catalogue of women cyranides delphic maxims derveni papyrus dionysiaca golden verses of pythagoras greek magical papyri homerica homeric hymns interpretation of dreams oneirocritica orphic hymns papyrus graecus holmiensis sibylline books sortes astrampsychi stories from plato atlantis myth of er ring of gyges theogony works and days religions antecedents minoan religion mycenaean religion list of mycenaean deities paleo balkan mythology proto indo european mythology religions of the ancient near east expressions atheism henotheism monotheism polytheism hellenistic religions early christianity christianization relationship with greek philosophy esoteric systems early alchemy gnosticism hermeticism neoplatonism hellenistic judaism god fearers hypsistarians syncretic religions alexander ptolemaic cult etruscan religion greco buddhism roman religion imperial cult religious views of emperor julian mystery religions and sacred mysteries arcadian mysteries delos mysteries dionysian mysteries eleusinian mysteries imbrian mysteries mithraism mysteries of isis orphism samothracian mysteries new religious movements discordianism feraferia gaianism hellenism religious practice worship rituals amphidromia anasyrma arotoi hieroi astragalomancy baptes cult of artemis at brauron daducho...