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nal on 19 june 2006 romania cultural relations and greek community hellenic republic ministry of foreign affairs 6 december 2013 archived from the original on 8 august 2016 retrieved 19 april 2016 the greek romanian community numbers some 10 000 and there are many greeks working in established greek enterprises in romania greeks in uzbekistan central asia caucasus analyst the central asia caucasus institute 21 june 2000 archived from the original on 13 june 2010 retrieved 24 december 2008 currently there are about 9 500 greeks living in uzbekistan with 6 500 living in tashkent kazakhstan cultural relations and greek community hellenic republic ministry of foreign affairs 3 february 2011 archived from the original on 23 april 2016 retrieved 15 april 2016 there are between 10 000 and 12 000 ethnic greeks living in kazakhstan organized in several communities население по местоживеене възраст и етническа група censusresults nsi bg archived from the original on 19 may 2023 retrieved 15 october 2020 bulgaria cultural relations and greek community hellenic republic ministry of foreign affairs 28 january 2011 archived from the original on 11 september 2018 retrieved 19 april 2016 there are some 28 500 persons of greek origin and citizenship residing in bulgaria this number includes approximately 15 000 sarakatsani 2 500 former political refugees 8 000 old greeks 2 000 university students and 1 000 professionals and their families ethnic composition of georgia pdf csem retrieved 24 april 2025 bevölkerung nach staatsangehörigkeit und geburtsland archived from the original on 13 november 2019 retrieved 31 july 2015 vukovich gabriella 2018 mikrocenzus 2016 12 nemzetiségi adatok 2016 microcensus 12 ethnic data pdf in hungarian budapest hungarian central statistical office isbn 978 963 235 542 9 archived pdf from the original on 9 october 2022 retrieved 9 january 2019 1 2 3 4 5 roberts 2007 pp 171 172 222 latacz 2004 pp 159 165 166 1 2 3 4 sutton 1996 beaton 1996 pp 1 25 cia world factbook on greece greek orthodox 98 greek muslim 1 3 other 0 7 heath 1981 p 1 tulloch 2017 p 153 greek is the world s oldest recorded living language see aland aland 1995 p 52 hunter 1972 p 9 and bubenik 2007 pp 342 345 guibernau hutchinson 2004 p 23 indeed smith emphasizes that the myth of divine election sustains the continuity of cultural identity and in that regard has enabled certain pre modern communities such as the jews armenians and greeks to survive and persist over centuries and millennia smith 1993 15 20 smith 1999 p 21 it emphasizes the role of myths memories and symbols of ethnic chosenness trauma and the golden age of saints sages and heroes in the rise of modern nationalism among the jews armenians and greeks the archetypal diaspora peoples for a comprehensive overview see oliver dickinson s the coming of the greeks and all that dickinson 2016 pp 3 21 j t hooker s mycenaean greece hooker 1976 chapter 2 before the mycenaean age pp 11 33 and passim and bryan feuer s annotated bibliography feuer 2004 for other interpretations see bronze age migrations by r a crossland and a birchall eds 1973 cadogan 1986 p 125 drews 1994 p 21 and bryce 2006 pp 91 92 the greeks encyclopædia britannica us encyclopædia britannica inc 2008 online edition chadwick 1976 p 2 for a critique of the dorian invasion see dorian invasion criticism and replacement in archaeological scholarship 1 2 linear a and linear b encyclopædia britannica encyclopædia britannica inc archived from the original on 6 april 2019 retrieved 3 march 2016 castleden 2005 p 228 tartaron 2013 p 28 schofield 2006 pp 71 72 panayotou 2007 pp 417 426 hall 2014 p 43 chadwick 1976 p 176 1 2 castleden 2005 p 2 hansen 2004 p 7 podzuweit 1982 pp 65 88 castleden 2005 p 235 dietrich 1974 p 156 burckhardt 1999 p 168 the establishment of these panhellenic sites which yet remained exclusively hellenic was a very important element in the growth and self consciousness of hellenic nationalism it was uniquely decisive in breaking down enmity between tribes and remained the most powerful obstacle to fragmentation into mutually hostile poleis zuwiyya 2011 pp 142 143 budin 2009 pp 66 67 morgan 1990 pp 1 25 148 190 ancient greek civilization encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 18 february 2016 online edition archived from the original on 17 november 2019 retrieved 21 june 2022 konstan 2001 pp 29 50 steinberger 2000 p 17 burger 2008 pp 57 58 burger 2008 pp 57 58 poleis continued to go to war with each other the peloponnesian war 431 404 bc made this painfully clear the war really two wars punctuated by a peace was a duel between greece s two leading cities athens and sparta most other poleis however got sucked into the conflict as allies of one side or the other the fact that greeks were willing to fight for their cities against other greeks in conflicts like the peloponnesian war showed the limits of the pull of hellas compared with that of the polis fox robin lane 2004 riding with alexander archaeology the archaeological institute of america archived from the original on 2 november 2012 retrieved 27 december 2008 alexander inherited the idea of an invasion of the persian empire from his father philip whose advance force was already out in asia in 336 bc philips campaign had the slogan of freeing the greeks in asia and punishing the persians for their past sacrileges during their own invasion a century and a half earlier of greece no doubt philip wanted glory and plunder brice 2012 pp 281 286 alexander the great columbia encyclopedia united states columbia university press 2008 online edition green 2008 p xiii morris ian december 2005 growth of the greek colonies in the first millennium bc pdf princeton stanford working papers in classics princeton stanford university archived pdf from the original on 9 october 2022 1 2 boardman griffin murray 1991 p 364 arun neil 7 august 2007 alexander s gulf outpost uncovered bbc news archived from the original on 2 january 2016 retrieved 15 june 2009 grant 1990 introduction 1 2 hellenistic age encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 27 may 2015 online edition archived from the original on 14 april 2020 retrieved 21 june 2022 1 2 3 4 harris 1991 pp 137 138 lucore 2009 p 51 the hellenistic period is commonly portrayed as the great age of greek scientific discovery above all in mathematics and astronomy foltz 2010 pp 43 46 burton 1993 pp 244 245 zoch 2000 p 136 hellenistic religion encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 13 may 2015 online edition archived from the original on 27 june 2019 retrieved 21 june 2022 ferguson 2003 pp 617 618 dunstan 2011 p 500 milburn 1988 p 158 makrides 2009 p 206 nicholas nick 2019 a critical lexicostatistical examination of ancient and modern greek and tsakonian journal of applied linguistics and lexicography 1 1 19 doi 10 33910 2687 0215 2019 1 1 18 68 kaldellis 2007 pp 35 40 howatson 1989 p 264 from the fourth century ad onwards the greeks of the eastern roman empire called themselves rhomaioi romans 1 2 cameron 2009 p 7 harrison 2002 p 268 roman greek if not used in its sense of pagan and christian became synonymous terms counterposed to foreigner barbarian infidel the citizens of the empire now predominantly of greek ethnicity and language were often called simply ό χριστώνυμος λαός the people who bear christ s name earl 1968 p 148 paul the silentiary descriptio s sophiae et ambonis 425 line 12 χῶρος ὅδε γραικοῖσι theodore the studite epistulae 419 line 30 ἐν γραικοῖς angelov 2007 p 96 makrides 2009 chapter 2 christian monotheism orthodox christianity greek orthodoxy p 74 magdalino 1991 chapter xiv hellenism and nationalism in byzantium p 10 byzantine empire encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 23 december 2015 online edition archived from the original on 4 september 2019 retrieved 21 june 2022 1 2 haldon 1997 p 50 shahid 1972 pp 295 296 305 klein 2004 p 290 note 39 annales fuldenses 389 mense lanuario c epiphaniam basilii graecorum imperatoris legati cum muneribus et epistolis ad hludowicum regem radasbonam venerunt fouracre gerberding 1996 p 345 the frankish court no longer regarded the byzantine empire as holding valid claims of universality instead it was now termed the empire of the greeks page 2008 pp 66 87 256 kaplanis 2014 pp 86 7 jakobsson sverrir 1 january 2016 the varangian legend testimony from the old norse sources academia edu archived from the original on 11 april 2022 retrieved 1 december 2021 herrin judith saint guillain guillaume 2011 identities and allegiances in the eastern mediterranean after 1204 ashgate publishing ltd p 111 isbn 978 1 4094 1098 0 archived from the original on 27 september 2023 retrieved 1 december 2021 stouraitis 2014 pp 176 177 finkelberg 2012 p 20 1 2 burstein 1988 pp 47 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 greece during the byzantine period c ad 300 c 1453 population and languages emerging greek identity encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 2008 online edition angold 1975 p 65 page 2008 p 127 byzantium 1220 to 1330 pdf byzantine empire constantinople scribd 5 august 2021 archived from the original on 11 august 2016 retrieved 1 december 2021 kaplanis 2014 p 92 vasiliev alexander a 1964 history of the byzantine empire 324 1453 university of wisconsin press p 582 isbn 978 0 299 80925 6 cite book isbn date incompatibility help jane perry clark carey andrew galbraith carey 1968 the web of modern greek politics columbia university press p 33 isbn 978 0 231 03170 7 archived from the original on 27 september 2023 retrieved 11 september 2018 by the end of the fourteenth century the byzantine emperor was often called emperor of the hellenes mango 1965 p 33 see for example anthony bryer the empire of trebizond and the pontus variourum 1980 and his migration and settlement in the caucasus and anatolia variourum 1988 and other works listed in caucasian greeks and pontic greeks norwich 1998 p xxi harris 1999 part ii medieval libraries chapter 6 byzantine and moslem libraries pp 71 88 1 2 renaissance encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 30 march 2016 online edition archived from the original on 16 june 2015 retrieved 21 june 2022 robins 1993 p 8 aristotelianism encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 2016 online edition archived from the original on 21 october 2019 retrieved 21 june 2022 cyril and methodius saints the columbia encyclopedia united states columbia university press 2016 online edition archived from the original on 5 june 2016 retrieved 10 may 2016 1 2 3 4 mazower 2000 pp 105 107 history of europe the romans encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 2008 online edition mavrocordatos nicholaos 1800 philotheou parerga grēgorios kōnstantas original from harvard university library γένος μεν ημίν των άγαν ελλήνων manastırlar www macka gov tr in turkish archived from the original on 9 june 2023 retrieved 24 june 2021 bahadıroğlu yavuz 2007 resimli osmanlı tarihi 10 baskı eylül 2007 ed i̇stanbul nesil yayınları p 157 isbn 978 975 269 299 2 oclc 235010971 phanariote encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 2016 online edition archived from the original on 23 october 2019 retrieved 21 june 2022 1 2 3 history of greece ottoman empire the merchant middle class encyclopædia britannica united states encyclopædia britannica inc 2008 online edition greek constitution of 1822 epidaurus pdf in greek 1822 archived pdf from the original on 9 october 2022 barutciski 2003 p 28 clark 2006 pp xi xv hershlag 1980 p 177 özkırımlı sofos 2008 pp 116 117 üngör 2008 pp 15 39 fafalios hadjipateras 1995 p 157 greek history since world war i encyclopædia britannica 14 june 2023 archived from the original on 10 june 2024 retrieved 21 june 2022 1 2 mazower 2001 p 155 guido knopp mario sporn 2009 die wehrmacht eine bilanz 1st ed münchen goldmann isbn 978 3 442 15561 3 oclc 423851310 starostin sergei 1998 the tower of babel an etymological database project watkins 2000 aristotle meteorologica i xiv see iliad ii 2 530 for panhellenes and iliad ii 2 653 for hellenes cartledge 2011 chapter 4 argos p 23 the late bronze age in greece is also called conventionally mycenaean as we saw in the last chapter but it might in principle have been called argive achaean or danaan since the three names that homer does apply to greeks collectively were argives achaeans and danaans nagy 2014 texts and commentaries introduction 2 panhellenism is the least common denominator of ancient greek civilization the impulse of panhellenism is already at work in homeric and hesiodic poetry in the iliad the names achaeans and danaans and argives are used synonymously in the sense of panhellenes all hellenes all greeks herodotus histories 7 94 and 8 73 homer iliad 2 681 685 1 2 the parian marble entry 6 archived 23 august 2017 at the wayback machine from when hellen son of deuc alion became king of phthi otis and those previously called graekoi were named hellenes pseudo apollodorus bibliotheca 1 2 aristotle meteorologica 1 14 archived 29 june 2011 at the wayback machine the deluge in the time of deucalion for instance took place chiefly in the greek world and in it especially about ancient hellas the country about dodona and the achelous homer iliad 16 233 16 235 king zeus lord of dodona you who hold wintry dodona in your sway where your prophets the selloi dwell around you hesiod catalogue of women fragment 5 broome 1996 greek identity pp 22 27 ὅμαιμος archived 25 february 2021 at the wayback machine henry george liddell robert scott a greek english lexicon on perseus ὁμόγλωσσος archived 25 february 2021 at the wayback machine henry george liddell robert scott a greek english lexicon on perseus polinskaya 2010 pp 43 70 macan reginald walter 1908 8 144 herodotus the seventh eighth ninth books with introduction and commentary macmillan co ltd archived from the original on 13 september 2023 retrieved 7 october 2023 via perseus ὁμότροπος archived 25 february 2021 at the wayback machine henry george liddell robert scott a greek english lexicon on perseus herodotus 8 144 2 the kinship of all greeks in blood and speech and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common and the likeness of our way of life leoussi grosby 2006 p 115 adrados 2005 p xii finkelberg 2012 p 20 harrison 2002 p 268 kazhdan constable 1982 p 12 runciman 1970 p 14 ševčenko 2002 p 284 sphrantzes george 1477 the chronicle of the fall feraios rigas new political constitution of the inhabitants of rumeli asia minor the islands of the aegean and the principalities of moldavia and wallachia koliopoulos veremis 2002 p 277 smith 2003 p 98 after the ottoman conquest in 1453 recognition by the turks of the greek millet under its patriarch and church helped to ensure the persistence of a separate ethnic identity which even if it did not produce a precocious nationalism among the ...