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rehd spiny or gooseberry stemmed currants section heritiera jancz dwarf or skunk currants section parilla jancz andine or south american currants section ribes l red currants section symphocalyx berland golden currants subgenus grossularia mill pers gooseberries 4 sections section grossularia mill nutt section robsonia berland section hesperia a berger section lobbia a berger some authors continued to treat hesperia and lobbia as subgenera 17 8 early molecular studies suggested that subgenus grossularia was actually embedded within subgenus ribes 18 analysis of combined molecular datasets confirms subgenus grossularia as a monophyletic group with two main lineages sect grossularia and another clade consisting of glabrous gooseberies including hesperia lobbia and robsonia other monophyletic groups identified were calobotrya parilla symphocalyx and berisia however sections ribes coreosma and heritiera were not well supported consequently there is insufficient resolution to justify further taxonomic revision 8 species edit main article list of ribes species blackcurrant ribes nigrum redcurrant ribes rubrum ribes speciosum fuchsia flowered gooseberry there are around 200 species of ribes 2 selected species include ribes alpinum ribes aureum ribes cereum ribes divaricatum ribes glandulosum ribes hirtellum ribes hudsonianum ribes inerme ribes lacustre ribes laurifolium ribes lobbii ribes montigenum ribes maximowiczii ribes nevadense ribes nigrum ribes oxyacanthoides ribes rubrum ribes sanguineum ribes speciosum ribes triste ribes uva crispa distribution and habitat edit ribes is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere and also extending south in the mountainous areas of south america 8 species can be found in meadows or near streams 7 ecology edit the majority of ribes species are insect pollinated 19 exceptions include r sanguineum r malvaceum and r speciosum which are humming bird pollinated 19 after the flowers are pollinated and the fruits have matured ribes seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals including elk deer cattle and grizzly bears 19 currants are used as a food source by the larvae of some lepidoptera species buff tip moth caterpillars have shown strong preferences for ribes species as host plants especially r alpinum and r uva crispa 20 the larvae of the moth species archips argyrospilus papaiema nebris itame ribearia and nematocampa limbata are also associated with ribes herbivory 21 specifically winter moths and currant clearwing moths are known pests of currant species within agricultural settings 22 cultivation edit the genus ribes includes the edible currants blackcurrant redcurrant and white currant as well as the european gooseberry ribes uva crispa and several hybrid varieties it should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings which are from the zante currant a small fruited cultivar of the grape vitis vinifera ribes gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial ribena citation needed the genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants for instance r sanguineum citation needed united states edit there are restrictions on growing some ribes species in some u s states as they are the main alternate host for white pine blister rust citation needed restrictions on cultivation of ribes in the united states state restrictions connecticut 23 no longer restricted delaware 24 r aureum and r nigrum prohibited entirely shipment transport or propagation of all other ribes species require a permit maine 25 planting or possession of r nigrum prohibited statewide all other ribes species prohibited in certain counties and towns maryland no restrictions found state agricultural extension service provides advice on currant and gooseberry culture 26 massachusetts 27 transport of r nigrum prohibited throughout the commonwealth other species of ribes require a permit with the caveat that permits shall not issue for a list of municipalities that cover most of the commonwealth michigan r nigrum prohibited statewide 28 other species of ribes and grossularia require a permit in the blister rust control area which includes the entirety of the upper peninsula and the northern and western portions of the lower peninsula 29 new hampshire 30 all ribes species prohibited without a permit permits are sometimes issued for rust resistant cultivars 31 new jersey 32 possession or transport of r nigrum requires a permit statewide possession or movement of all ribes and grossularia species is prohibited in certain municipalities in sussex passaic and morris counties grossularia and ribes other than r nigrum otherwise requires only compliance with general regulations on movement of nursery stock new york 33 all ribes species are prohibited in nine counties of the adirondack mountains and in many townships in the adirondacks and catskills r nigrum is prohibited throughout the state except that cultivars known to be immune to cronartium ribicola the white pine blister rust may be grown wherever other ribes species are permitted north carolina 34 all ribes species prohibited the north carolina forest service maintains an active eradication program for ribes in the western part of the state 35 ohio 36 possession transport planting propagation sale or offering for sale of r nigrum is prohibited cultivars known to be immune to cronartium ribicola the white pine blister rust are exempt the law does not prohibit other ribes species pennsylvania pennstate extension states 37 in 1933 pennsylvania passed a law that limited growing gooseberries and currants in certain areas however the law is not enforced therefore all ribes can be grown in the state rhode island 38 r nigrum r aureum and r odoratum are prohibited throughout the state other ribes species require permits to transport or plant and are forbidden in some municipalities or within 900 feet of a stand of five leaved pines one acre or more in extent or a nursery cultivating five leaved pines vermont new england small fruit management guide 39 asserts that there are no regulations at present virginia 40 r nigrum plants may not be moved to any destination in virginia west virginia 41 r nigrum plants may not be moved to any destination in west virginia other ribes species are prohibited in 23 counties white pine blister rust edit ribes species are a telial stage host for the white pine blister rust fungus cronartium ribicola 19 infected ribes individuals display yellow spotting on their leaves that appear orange and raised on the abaxial leaf surface 42 severely infected plants may even lose foliage 42 infection occurs when wind borne c ribicola spores from ribes individuals make contact with the needles of a five needled pine 42 the fungus eventually spreads to the entirety of the tree 42 pine infection usually occurs in late summer or early fall as the moderate temperatures and high relative humidity create optimal conditions for c ribicola spore germination 6 most species of wild and cultivated ribes species have demonstrated r gene and multigenetic resistance to white pine blister rust which are the two dominant forms of genetic disease resistance in plants 43 the species r nigrum and r hudsonianum var petiolare are particularly vulnerable to white pine blister rust infection 19 44 uses edit a number of species produce edible berries some of which are categorized as currants and gooseberries blackfoot people used blackcurrant root ribes hudsonianum for the treatment of kidney diseases and menstrual and menopausal problems the cree used the fruit of ribes glandulosum as a fertility enhancer to assist women in becoming pregnant 45 european immigrants who settled in north america in the 18th century typically made wine from both red and white currants 46 references edit apg iv 2016 1 2 3 ribes l plants of the world online royal botanic gardens kew retrieved 12 august 2020 morin 2008 lu lingdi alexander crinan ribes flora of china vol 8 via efloras org missouri botanical garden st louis missouri and harvard university herbaria cambridge massachusetts ribes oxford english dictionary online ed oxford university press subscription or participating institution membership required 1 2 white pine blister rust apps fs usda gov retrieved 2026 03 01 1 2 3 4 5 taylor ronald j 1994 1992 sagebrush country a wildflower sanctuary rev ed missoula mt mountain press pub co p 42 isbn 0 87842 280 3 oclc 25708726 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 schultheis donoghue 2004 1 2 pfister robert d sloan john p 2008 ribes l currant gooseberry in bonner franklin t karrfalt robert p eds the woody plant seed manual agric handbook no 727 washington dc u s department of agriculture forest service p 961 968 727 961 968 hummer k e dale a 2010 horticulture of ribes forest pathology 40 3 4 251 263 bibcode 2010fopat 40 251h doi 10 1111 j 1439 0329 2010 00657 x issn 1437 4781 1 2 3 messinger 1995 1 2 janczewski 1907 1 2 sinnott 1985 berger 1924 weigend et al 2002 weigend 2007 messinger et al 1999 senters soltis 2003 1 2 3 4 5 zambino p j 2010 biology and pathology of ribes and their implications for management of white pine blister rust forest pathology 40 3 4 264 291 bibcode 2010fopat 40 264z doi 10 1111 j 1439 0329 2010 00658 x issn 1437 4781 morimoto juliano pietras zuzanna 2020 strong foraging preferences for ribes alpinum saxifragales grossulariaceae in the polyphagous caterpillars of buff tip moth phalera bucephala lepidoptera notodontidae ecology and evolution 10 24 13583 13592 bibcode 2020ecoev 1013583m doi 10 1002 ece3 6981 issn 2045 7758 pmc 7771136 pmid 33391664 allyson suzanne 1980 last instar larva of the gooseberry fruitworm zophodia convolutella lepidoptera pyralidae phycitinae the canadian entomologist 112 1 43 45 doi 10 4039 ent11243 1 issn 1918 3240 mitchell carolyn brennan rex m cross jerry v johnson scott n 2011 arthropod pests of currant and gooseberry crops in the u k their biology management and future prospects agricultural and forest entomology 13 3 221 237 bibcode 2011agfe 13 221m doi 10 1111 j 1461 9563 2010 00513 x issn 1461 9555 currant ribes the connecticut agricultural experiment station state of connecticut retrieved 3 august 2021 803 rules and regulations for the control and suppression of the white pine blister rust delaware general assembly delaware regulations state of delaware retrieved 3 august 2021 quarantine information maine forest service state of maine retrieved 3 august 2021 growing small fruits university of maryland extension state of maryland retrieved 3 august 2021 330 cmr 9 00 plant quarantines commonwealth of massachusetts retrieved 3 august 2021 286 104 cultivated black currant declared public nuisance destruction michigan legislature michigan compiled laws state of michigan retrieved 3 august 2021 white pine blister rust resistant currant and gooseberry varieties pdf michigan department of agriculture state of michigan retrieved 3 august 2021 227 k 6 white pine blister rust control areas state of new hampshire retrieved 3 august 2021 white pine blister rust in nh nh division of forests and lands www nh gov retrieved 2023 02 16 department of agriculture plant pest survey state of new jersey retrieved 3 august 2021 crop profile currants in new york cornell cooperative extension retrieved 3 august 2020 02 ncac 48a 0401 currant and gooseberry plants state of north carolina retrieved 3 august 2020 white pine blister rust plant industry plant protection section north carolina department of agriculture and consumer services retrieved 3 august 2020 ellis michael a horst leona white pine blister rust on currants and gooseberries ohioline ohio state university extension retrieved 3 august 2020 home fruit plantings gooseberries and currants pennstate extension retrieved 3 august 2020 250 ricr 40 10 2 rules and regulations governing the suppression of white pine blister rust pdf rhode island department of environmental management retrieved 3 august 2020 currants and gooseberries ne small fruit management guide center for agriculture food and the environment university of massachusetts at amherst 22 june 2015 retrieved 3 august 2020 2vac5 450 40 european black currant plants commonwealth of virginia retrieved 3 august 2020 west virginia white pine blister rust quarantine pdf west virginia department of agriculture retrieved 3 august 2021 1 2 3 4 white pine blister rust extension umn edu retrieved 2026 02 08 zambino p j mcdonald g i 2003 august resistance to white pine blister rust in north american five needle pines and ribes and its implications in 51st western international forest disease work conference pp 18 22 burnes todd a blanchette robert a smith jason a luby james j 2008 black currant clonal identity and white pine blister rust resistance hortscience 43 1 200 202 doi 10 21273 hortsci 43 1 200 issn 0018 5345 tilford gregory l 1997 edible and medicinal plants of the west missoula mountain press publishing isbn 978 0 87842 359 0 kalm pehr 1772 travels into north america containing its natural history and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general with the civil ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country the manners of the inhabitants and several curious and important remarks on various subjects translated by johann reinhold forster london t lowndes p 67 isbn 9780665515002 oclc 1083889360 cite book isbn date incompatibility help bibliography edit books and theses edit brennan rex m 1996 currants and gooseberries in janick jules moore james n eds fruit breeding ii vine and small fruits wiley pp 191 298 isbn 978 0 471 12670 6 brennan rex m 2008 currants and gooseberries pdf in janick jules paull robert e eds the encyclopedia of fruit and nuts cabi isbn 978 0 85199 638 7 brennan r m 2008 currants and gooseberries in hancock jim f ed temperate fruit crop breeding germplasm to genomics springer science business media pp 177 196 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 6907 9_6 isbn 978 1 4020 6907 9 brennan r m et al 2014 berries currants and gooseberries in dixon geoffrey r aldous david e eds horticulture plants for people and places volume 1 production horticulture springer pp 313 317 isbn 978 94 017 8578 5 byng james w 2014 saxifragales the flowering plants handbook a practical guide to families and genera of the world plant gateway ltd pp 156 166 isbn 978 0 9929993 1 5 christenhusz maarten j m fay michael f chase mark w 2017 saxifragales plants of the world an illustrated encyclopedia of vascular plants university of chicago press pp 231 244 isbn 978 0 226 52292 0 kubitzki klaus ed 2007 flowering plants eudicots berberidopsidales buxales crossosomatales fabales p p geraniales gunnerales myrtales p p proteales saxifragales vitales zygophyllales clusiaceae alliance passifloraceae alliance dilleniaceae huaceae picramniaceae sabiaceae the families and genera of vascular plants vol ix springer isbn 978 3 540 32219 1 weigend m 2007 grossulariaaceae pp 168 176 in kubitzki 2007 messinger wes 1995 molecul...