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14 the rate for work related musculoskeletal disorders among ground crew is 10 times the rate of the state average for wmsds across all occupational fields in the state 15 musculoskeletal hazards edit injuries in this field most often happen due to overexertion and repetitive movement 15 regular lifting of heavy baggage using the same muscles can result in muscle strain joint and tendon damage carpal tunnel syndrome dislocations and rheumatism in the back 16 ground crew are expected to bend down crawl twist into tight spaces and stand for long periods of time 17 physical and environmental hazards edit there are a variety of physical and environmental hazards burn injuries can occur due to exposure to heat and electrical sources 17 moving parts throughout the tarmac can cause tripping hazards 17 unsecured equipment can come loose and cause crush injuries to ground crew 17 weather heat can pose a risk to heat stroke sunburn and dehydration 17 freezing temperatures in the winter months may increase slipping hazards and frostbite 17 prevention and control methods edit prevention of the variety of occupational hazards ground crews face requires continuous proper training safety features and proper ppe when it comes to managing occupational hazards niosh established the hierarchy of controls a framework to mediate the dangers based on what is most to least effective 18 in order of most to least effective the order of things is elimination substitution engineering controls administrative controls and lastly personal protective equipment this puts the responsibility for safety on people higher up rather than the worker in addition to decreasing the likelihood for human error 15 at the elimination level washington state recently launched a new ergonomics law in 2024 to develop new safety measures and requirements 15 lawmakers evaluated data on the rates of injuries among ground crew a replacement method to minimize occupation hazards for people lifting and moving baggage includes vacuum lifting vacuum lifting assist on baggage carriers can reduce weight by 90 and a 63 percent reduction in compressive lower back force 16 hearing loss in ground crew edit risks of hearing disorders edit the duties of the ground crew include an array of tasks ranging from handling and transportation of cargo to maintenance of aircraft mechanics including pushback and towing ramp alignment connection to power and overall ground support allowing for smooth safe flight operations 19 20 21 because their work requires them to spend extended periods of time on the tarmac exposed to loud equipment and large aircraft ground crew are at a higher risk of noise induced hearing loss nihl 22 nihl can manifest either immediately or over long periods of time as noise exposure accumulates and can affect one s ears to various severities 23 24 symptoms of nihl include but are not limited to ear pressure or a feeling of fullness occluded or distorted speech recognition and comprehension and trouble hearing sounds above certain pitches often between 3000 and 6000 hertz hz 25 26 common risk factors edit ground crew members face several common risk factors that may increase their likelihood of developing nihl the occupational safety and health administration osha sets an 85 decibel db standard for the levels of noise that an individual can be exposed to over the course of 8 hours a day over the 40 hour standard workweek 27 this is known as the time weighted average twa which must lie within the permissible exposure limit pel or the highest level of exposure with negligible negative health impacts which can be dangerous if exceeded 28 during takeoff and landing procedures and other engine related malfunctions noise levels can reach up to 140 db a 22 a db a is the weighted measurement used to determine human perception of a decibel and at 140 db a pain can be intense as it is past the 120 db unweighted threshold for experienced ear pain 29 30 long term exposure to intense noise without hearing protection can lead to adverse health outcomes such as auditory disruptions through limited or lost hearing in certain ranges ringing in the ear known as tinnitus and even impaired speech 31 in severe cases there have been associations between prolonged exposure to loud noise and its impact on cardiovascular health 32 since prolonged and repeated exposure to sound levels over the set 85 db threshold is dangerous it is understood that noise exposure is a major occupational hazard for airline ground crew 24 this risk of adverse auditory effects is especially heightened when coupled with cumulative exposure such as repeatedly experiencing unsafe decibels and when individuals do not adhere to proper use of hearing protection devices hpds such as earplugs earmuffs and headphones 22 33 34 prevention and control methods edit when it comes to the prevention of nihl in the workplace employers play a major role in reducing noise exposure through the hierarchy of controls 35 employers and managers can ensure thorough equipment maintenance to minimize unnecessary noise limit loud machinery usage when possible and redesign workflows to reduce employee time spent with major sources of noise 36 additionally under osha s hearing protection program it is necessary that employers provide annual hearing assessments and personal protective equipment ppe to employees experiencing excessive noise exposure 37 at a personal level one of the best measures employees can individually take to prevent or mitigate nihl is to appropriately wear properly fitting hpds 38 39 when it comes to wearing hpds a proper fit and selection of the device are critical to their efficacy as their noise reduction properties decrease due to an ill fit 40 the national institute for occupational health and safety niosh recommends individualized testing aimed to quantitatively adjust hpd performance to each employee s hearing threshold delivering them a personal attenuation rating par to decipher their device s efficacy 41 42 proper fitting hpds coupled with regular hearing tests for early detection of hearing loss are essential as timely intervention can be implemented before permanent damage occurs 43 see also edit aviation portal engineering portal transport portal ground support equipment aircraft maintenance aircraft maintenance checks aircraft maintenance engineer aircraft maintenance technician airworthiness references edit ground crew oxford english dictionary online ed oxford university press doi 10 1093 oed 9135343143 subscription or participating institution membership required ground crew services and classification www airportfreak yolasite com airportfreak retrieved 4 may 2021 foreign object debris fod www skybrary aero skybrary aviation safety retrieved 4 may 2021 tunnicliffe w s o hickey s p fletcher t j miles j f burge p s ayres j g february 1999 pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in a population of airport workers occupational and environmental medicine 56 2 118 123 bibcode 1999occem 56 118t doi 10 1136 oem 56 2 118 pmc 1757703 pmid 10448317 1 2 3 4 cavallo delia ursini cinzia lucia carelli giovanni iavicoli ivo ciervo aureliano perniconi barbara rondinone bruna gismondi massimo iavicoli sergio june 2006 occupational exposure in airport personnel characterization and evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects toxicology 223 1 2 26 35 bibcode 2006toxgy 223 26c doi 10 1016 j tox 2006 03 003 pmid 16621217 childers j w witherspoon c l smith l b pleil j d september 2000 real time and integrated measurement of potential human exposure to particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs from aircraft exhaust environmental health perspectives 108 9 853 862 bibcode 2000envhp 108 853c doi 10 1289 ehp 00108853 pmc 2556926 pmid 11017890 1 2 3 national research council us subcommittee on jet propulsion fuel 8 2003 dosimetry and exposure assessment of jet propulsion fuel 8 toxicologic assessment of jet propulsion fuel 8 doi 10 17226 10578 isbn 978 0 309 08715 5 pmid 25032298 cite book cs1 maint numeric names authors list link kobayashi a kikukawa a april 2000 increased formaldehyde in jet engine exhaust with changes to jp 8 lower temperature and lower humidity irritates eyes and respiratory tract aviation space and environmental medicine 71 4 396 399 pmid 10766464 1 2 3 4 solbu kasper daae hanne line thorud syvert ellingsen dag gunnar lundanes elsa molander paal 2010 exposure to airborne organophosphates originating from hydraulic and turbine oils among aviation technicians and loaders journal of environmental monitoring 12 12 2259 2268 bibcode 2010jenmo 12 2259s doi 10 1039 c0em00273a pmid 20949195 jamal g a august 1997 neurological syndromes of organophosphorus compounds adverse drug reactions and toxicological reviews 16 3 133 170 pmid 9512762 cdc 12 august 2024 about hierarchy of controls hierarchy of controls retrieved 3 december 2025 fuel 8 national research council us subcommittee on jet propulsion 2003 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