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d and many others taken prisoner many cattle were also taken by the rebels the spaniards who could took refuge in río de la hacha and sent urgent messages to maracaibo valle de upar santa marta and cartagena cartagena sent 100 troops the rebels themselves were not unified sierra s relatives among the indians took up arms against the rebels to avenge his death a battle between them being fought at la soledad that and the arrival of the spanish reinforcements quelled the rebellion but not before the guajiro had regained much territory 24 republican era edit in 1846 the new government of the republic of new granada created the guajiro territory from part of the state of magdalena but the indigenous traded in contraband on a large scale problems with the authorities continued and the territory was once again put under the government of santa marta 23 in 1871 once again the territory of la guajira was put under separate administration and became a national territory la guajira became an intendencia in 1898 and a commissary in 1911 in 1954 it was demoted back to intendencia until 1964 when the department of la guajira was created 21 the evangelization of the indigenous peoples edit wayuu riding on horses 1928 the process of evangelizing the wayuu people restarted in 1887 with the return of the capuchin friars under reverend friar josé maría de valdeviejas in 1905 pope pius x created the vicariate of la guajira and as the first vicar friar atanasio vicente soler y royo attempted to civilize the wayuu people 25 wayuus carrying a rifle and traditional bow and arrow 1928 in 1903 the capuchin friars began building orphanages for wayuu children beginning with the la sierrita orphanage built in the sierra nevada de santa marta mountains the san antonio orphanage located by the calancala river was built in 1910 and the nazareth orphanage in the serranía de macuira mountains in 1913 the orphanages had influence over the rancherías of guarrachal el pájaro carazúa guaraguao murumana garra patamana and karraipía the nazareth orphanage had some control over the rancherías of taroa maguaipa guaseipá and alpanapause the friars frequently visited the settlements inviting the people to attend mass wayuu children in the orphanages were educated in traditional european customs conflicts between the wayuu people and the colombian government have decreased since then in 1942 uribia celebrated christmas and new year s eve for the first time 25 thousand days civil war edit main article thousand days war during the thousand days war 1899 1902 the region was affected by the struggle between liberals and conservatives the indigenous in la guajira sided with members of either side depending on parental affiliation or economic advantage rather than on political views a cacique named josé dolores came to an agreement with liberal radical rafael uribe uribe but later sided with the conservatives after recognizing a parental affiliation with general iguarán one of the conservative commanders 26 politics edit see also politics of colombia and government of colombia the department of la guajira is governed by regional equivalents of the three branches of the national government of colombia the executive branch is represented by the governor of the department of la guajira elected every four years by popular vote in regional elections the legislative branch by the department assembly of la guajira and the judicial branch by the regional courts under the superior tribunal of riohacha whose members are appointed by the supreme court of colombia control institutions also have their regional representatives these institutions have control over the 15 municipalities which are governed locally by a mayor a town council and by the regional courts and control institutions administrative divisions edit the department of la guajira is formed into 15 municipalities each administered by a popularly elected mayor and a city council as well as municipal level courts 12 of the municipalities are part of a government program called special units for frontier and department frontier zone san juan del cesar la jagua del pilar barrancas el molino fonseca hatonuevo maicao uribia urumita villanueva manaure and riohacha the municipalities of dibulla albania and distracción are excluded from that classification the department of la guajira is also composed of 126 corregimientos local magistracies 49 inspecciones de policía police districts and 10 caseríos villages distributed throughout the municipalities 27 municipalities edit municipalities of la guajira department municipality and city of riohacha highlighted in dark gray and red respectively albania barrancas dibulla distracción el molino fonseca hatonuevo la jagua del pilar maicao manaure riohacha san juan del cesar uribia urumita villanueva defense edit the colombian national police have a regional command post in the department of la guajira usually under the command of a colonel and based in the capital of the department riohacha 28 the colombian national army has two units in the department both of which are part of the 1st division the 2nd mechanized cavalry battalion based in distracción and the 6th mechanized battalion based in riohacha 29 the colombian air force division comando aéreo de combate no 3 cacom 3 in barranquilla atlántico serves the department of la guajira using as its airstrip the almirante padilla airport 30 demographics edit members of the wayuu ethnic group in venezuela wayuus are nomads and travel between colombia and venezuela from time to time usually during rainy seasons historical population year pop 1973 181 771 1985 299 995 65 0 1993 433 361 44 5 2005 681 575 57 3 2018 880 560 29 2 source 31 according to the dane colombian statistics bureau 2005 census 44 9 of the population of the department of la guajira was indigenous mostly belonging to the arhuaco koguis wiwa and wayuu tribes 7 5 was of afro colombian descent while the remaining 47 6 of the population did not consider itself part of a particular ethnic group except for middle eastern descendants who have migrated here throughout the 20th century 32 the department s indigenous population was the largest of any colombian department followed by the departments of cauca and narino with 18 and 11 2 respectively and was 20 2 of the national total of indigenous people the municipalities with the largest indigenous populations were those where the wayuu people had settled uribia 95 9 manaure 88 2 and maicao 40 1 32 the population of 623 250 constituted 1 5 of the total population of colombia 42 090 502 and 7 of the caribbean region of colombia 8 910 195 the department of la guajira had a population density of 29 9 inhabitants per square kilometer from those 623 250 total inhabitants 50 6 were females and 49 4 were males 33 map of la guajira by population municipality population percentage riohacha 169 311 27 2 uribia 116 674 18 7 maicao 103 124 16 5 manaure 68 578 11 san juan del cesar 25 587 4 1 fonseca 22 220 3 6 barrancas 22 207 3 6 dibulla 21 098 3 4 albania 20 898 3 4 villanueva 18 804 3 hatonuevo 9 797 1 6 urumita 8 545 1 4 distraccion 8 274 1 3 el molino 5 937 1 la jagua del pilar 2 196 0 4 total 2005 623 250 100 education edit the university of la guajira has its main campus at riohacha with satellite campuses at fonseca maicao manaure albania and villanueva the institution offers technical as well as undergraduate and graduate programs in natural sciences engineering economics education administration and the humanities economy edit trucks loaded with coal at the cerrejón coal mine manaure salt evaporation pond manaure provides approximately 80 of the colombian market with salt jepírachi wind farm in the guajira peninsula the economy of the department of la guajira is based on the exploitation of mineral resources such as coal in the cerrejón mines natural gas salt mines in manaure and constituted 53 48 of total revenues in 2005 34 the service industry follows including electricity gas potable water transport and communications accounting for 11 06 of the total revenue education health community service and domestic services account for 9 60 of the total 34 agriculture silviculture and fishing account for 7 99 of the total followed by commerce hotel and restaurant industries which together account for 6 65 of the total revenues public administration accounts for 5 47 construction 3 01 real estate 2 21 and industrial 0 52 34 agriculture edit the department of la guajira in 2005 produced mainly tobacco coffee yuca plantain coconuts ñame arracacha oil palm and sugar cane 1 211 plantations were transitory while 59 830 plantations were in permanent production 34 culture edit see also festivals in la guajira cultural aspects in the department of la guajira have been mostly influenced by the traditions of the wayuu by european culture mainly through roman catholic traditions by afro colombian culture and since the mid 20th century by middle eastern culture including islamic traditions 35 there is also considerable influence from venezuela as the traditional wayuu territory is shared by the two nations language edit there are three main languages in la guajira the most widespread is the spanish language followed by the wayuu language the growing population of middle eastern immigrants has contributed the use of the arabic language to the region koguis and wiwas are more associated with the chibchan languages having their own dialect 36 spanish in la guajira has also developed its own dialect mostly by taking words from the wayuu language the wayuus and other indigenous groups are being given bilingual education in both their native language and spanish numerous software companies such as microsoft 37 and ubuntu 38 have developed products in the wayuu language 39 there is also a small yet significant number of english speakers living in the cerrejón miner s citadel owing to the bilingual school there typical wayuu rectangular day house with hammocks by the caribbean sea the chinchorros hammocks are one of the most traditional items in the culture of la guajira wayuu handcrafted mochilas woolen bags have also transcended through cultures and fashion in colombia group language population mestizo spanish 300 000 wayuu wayuunaiki 150 000 koguis koguian tezhuan 7 100 wiwas dámana terruna shayama 3 100 middle eastern arabic 3 061 ika ikan 800 inga or kingui ingan 200 literature edit literature in la guajira has been both written in spanish and wayuunaiki most of it describing the myths the sacred the tragic the epics the legends heroism the magic the comedy and romanticism autochthonous to the region and directly influenced by the costumbrismo including physiology and sexuality 40 wayuu tribes feature prominently in papillon by henri charrière which is about an escaped convict who takes refuge with one such tribe la guajira has been the subject of numerous writings describing its culture music edit see also vallenato music in the department of la guajira has been associated with the indigenous peoples as well as being influenced by the cultures of afro colombians and europeans such is the case of vallenato music which allegedly originated in the region between riohacha and valledupar with some considering larger area reaching from riohacha to the central region of the department of cesar the accordions and guitars first used for vallenato music were allegedly acquired in la guajira as contraband arriving from the nearby island of aruba in the caribbean sea 41 the wayuu have contributed their own traditional music and instruments their culture associates economy and social life with music such as in the case of raising cattle where the indigenous sang to their animals they also used music for meetings and celebrations as well as mourning at funerals the yonna is the traditional dance of the wayuu and is performed to honor guests 41 the wayuus created many rustic musical instruments such as kashi sawawa a type of flute ma asi totoy and the taliraai tubular flute wootoroyoi type of clarinet among others the majayura or ritual of the young wayuu virgin in which a female dances towards a male considered a prospective mate while other males perform rhythms with their traditional instruments until the one male tumbles to the ground 41 gastronomy edit gastronomy in the department of la guajira is associated with the traditional gastronomy of the indigenous wayuu based on local fauna and flora as well as being influenced by spanish cuisine the most representative of guajira cuisine is friche a fried or stewed goat seasoned with salt and its own blood and guts there are also arroz con camarones rice with shrimp where the rice is cooked with previously boiled shrimp and put out to dry in the sun iguana stew with coconuts iguaraya the fruit of the cactus which the wayuus use for drinking juice or wine and turtles deer and capybaras cooked in a variety of ways usually with rice in soup or a stew 42 43 44 coat of arms edit coat of arms of la guajira armiger the department of la guajira adopted november 29 1966 shield quarterly vert a one towered castle or masoned and ajouré sable argent a foil erect or with hilt and pommel gules fesswise addorsed arrows barbed and feathered sable vert sun in his glory or argent a desert landscape proper other elements a bordure of peals argent use official paperwork the coat of arms of the la guajira was officially adopted by the departmental assembly ordinance 028 of november 29 1966 after the winning design of a public contest of pseudonymous contestant angel cuervo the coat of arms has subsequently been modified two occasions by the ordinance 052 of 1994 and ordinance 009 of march 10 1998 flag edit the flag of la guajira was officially adopted by the departmental assembly by means of ordinance 028 of september 29 1966 previously the flag had already been in use as the flag of the intendancy of la guajira and subsequently it was modified last by ordinance 052 of 1994 the gubernatorial standard is based on the flag of the department but it is charged at the centre with the coat of arms of the department of la guajira 45 46 see also edit bahia portete la guajira colombia references edit censo nacional de población y vivienda 2018 departamento administrativo nacional de estadística dane in spanish retrieved 25 october 2019 producto interno bruto por departamento www dane gov co sub national hdi area database global data lab hdi globaldatalab org retrieved 2018 09 13 in isolation they are pronounced la and gwaˈxiɾa respectively 1 2 colombian air force guajira picon françois rené 1996 p 313 oliver josé reflexiones sobre los posibles orígenes del wayuu guajiro 1990 p 84 in spanish government of la guajira guajira development plan etymology archived 2008 05 29 at the wayback machine 1 2 3 observatorio del caribe colombiano grupo regional de investigación en economía y competitividad en el caribe colombiano by weildler guerra paola...