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Text of the page (random words):
bic is not completely mutually intelligible with varieties spoken outside the gulf 6 the specific dialects differ in vocabulary grammar and accent there are considerable differences between for instance kuwaiti arabic and the dialects of qatar and the uae especially in pronunciation that may hinder mutual intelligibility 7 the gulf has two major dialect types that differ phonologically and morphologically typically referred to as badawī bedouin and ḥadarī sedentary which in simpler terms mean desert dweller and city dweller the differences mark important cultural differences between those who historically practiced pastoralism and those who were sedentary 8 gulf varieties closest related relatives are other dialects native to the arabian peninsula i e najdi arabic mesopotamian arabic and bahrani arabic 9 10 although spoken over much of saudi arabia s area gulf arabic is not the native tongue of most saudis as the majority of them do not live in eastern arabia 7 there are some 200 000 gulf arabic speakers in the country out of a population of over 30 million mostly in the aforementioned eastern province 9 10 name edit peninsular arabic varieties gulf arabic indicated by dark maroon the dialect s full name el lahja el khalijiyya اللهجة الخليجية əlˈlɑhd͡ʒɐ lχɑˈliːd͡ʒɪj jɐ can be translated as the dialect of the gulf however it is most commonly referred to as khalīji خليجي χɑˈliːd͡ʒi in which the noun khalīj خليج χɑˈliːd͡ʒ has been suffixed with the nisba literally meaning of the bay or of the gulf 11 phonology edit consonants edit gulf arabic consonant phonemes 12 labial dental denti alveolar palatal dorsal pharyn geal glottal plain emphatic velar uvular nasal m n plosive voiceless p t tˤ tʃ k q ʔ voiced b d dʒ ɡ fricative voiceless f θ s sˤ ʃ x ħ h voiced ð z ðˤ ɣ ʕ trill r approximant l j w phonetic notes p only occurs in loanwords 13 the non native letter پ or its native counterpart b ب are used to denote this sound e g piyāḷah پيالة or بيالة pijɒːlˤɒh small glass from persian citation needed a feature that distinguishes gulf arabic dialects from other arabic varieties is the retention of the dental fricatives θ and ð which in many other dialects merged with other sounds similarly the reflex of the merger of classical ɮˤ ض and ðˤ ظ is often dˤ in some dialects but is a fricative either ðˤ or zˤ in gulf dialects 14 13 it shares this feature with most peninsular and mesopotamian dialects citation needed ɮˤ ض has merged to ðˤ ظ historically q became ɡ in gulf arabic due to influence from msa the sound was reintroduced in a handful of classicisms 15 a number of speakers realize this restricted phoneme as a voiced uvular stop 16 these same speakers have post velar or uvular realizations of x and ɣ χ and ʁ respectively 17 for such speakers ɢ and the ʁ are in free variation while other speakers distinguish q from ɣ thus قرآن qurʔaːn may be realized as ɢɪrʔaːn or ʁɪrʔaːn for such speakers 18 the emphatic consonants tˤ dˤ sˤ ðˤ are variably described in the literature as having secondary velarization or pharyngealization other emphatic consonants can be found but these are the result of a process that spreads the velarization pharyngealization of these sounds on surrounding consonants e g بطولة butˤuːla championship bˤʊtˤʊːla championship 19 allophony edit k and ɡ are often palatalized when occurring before front vowels unless the following consonant is emphatic the actual realization is in free variation and can be kʲ ɡʲ or more commonly tʃ dʒ 16 20 speakers who exhibit variation between ɡʲ and dʒ do so in words derived from historical q e g مقابل mɪgʲæːbɪl mɪdʒæːbɪl opposite j is a contemporary reflex of historical dʒ and so there are also sets of words where dʒ and j appear in free variation e g e g جار dʒæːr jæːr neighbor 17 21 voiced stops tend to devoice in utterance final position especially as the final element in clusters e g كلب dog kalb tʃælp 16 a notable aspect of gulf arabic is the different realization of a number of phonemes inherited from classical arabic these differences are the result in part of natural linguistic changes over time after these changes occurred the original sounds or close approximations to them were reintroduced as a result of contact with other dialects as well as through influence of modern standard arabic as a language of media government and religion for many of these sounds speakers exhibit free variation between the msa form and the colloquial form 21 the following table provides a rough outline of these differences letter msa pronunciation khaliji varieties examples notes ج d͡ʒ j or d͡ʒ mōy or mōj موج moːj or moːd͡ʒ wave masyid or masjid مسجد ˈmɒsjɪd or ˈmɒsd͡ʒɪd mosque changes are optional although jim ج never changes to j in recent loanwords from msa 22 ق q q in classical arabic words ɡ and when followed by a front vowel a aː eː i or iː d͡ʒ jiddām قدام d͡ʒɪdˈdɑːm in front of sharji شرقي ˈʃɑɾd͡ʒi eastern many literary arabic loanwords preserve the q sound but optionally use ɡ by persian influence extremely rarely the qaf ق changes to ghayn غ ɣ 23 غ ɣ ɣ q qannā غنى ˈqɑnnæ to sing ghayn occasionally changes to q or ɡ by persian influence 24 ك k k t͡ʃ if preceded or followed by a front vowel or if 2nd person feminine singular suffixed object pronoun ubūch أبوك ʔʊˈbʊːt͡ʃ your f sg father this change is optional but encountered with more often when the kaf ك is used to denote the 2nd person feminine singular suffixed object pronoun 25 26 ض dˤ ðˤ ẓāʼ ضاع ðˤɒːʕ to lose ẓāʼ ظ and ḍad ض are not distinguished by pronunciation as the gulf dialects lack the emphatic d 27 however they retain their orthographic distinction 28 vowels edit gulf arabic has five long vowels and three or four short monophthongs two recent studies point to a lack of phonemic contrast between i and u and shockley 2020 argues that backness is not phonemically contrastive in short vowels 29 30 the most recent grammar of gulf arabic similarly points to a reduced central vowel ə as a frequent reflex of all short vowels 31 gulf arabic vowel phonemes 19 front back short long short long close i iː u uː mid eː o oː open a aː allophony edit regional variations in vowel pronunciation is considerable particularly outside of educated speech unless otherwise noted the following are major allophonic variants shared across the entire gulf region front vowels edit in the context of emphatic consonants long iː and eː exhibit centralized vowel onglides and offglides 32 for example tˤiːn طين mud tˤ ə iːn sˤeːf صيف summer sˤ ə eːf tiħiːdˤ she menstruates tɪħiː ə dˤ similarly the normal realization of short i is ɪ except in final position where it is i when adjacent to emphatic uvular or bilabial consonants i is centralized to ɨ binti my daughter bɪnti kiˈtaːb كتاب book kəˈtaːb ruːħi go f rʊːħi when between two emphatic uvular or bilabial consonants i is fully backed to ʊ 33 tˤibb طِبّ medicine tˤʊbˤbˤ ɡallib قَلِّب turn over gɑlˤlˤʊbˤ 34 the normal realization of short a is a front æ 32 when adjacent to dorsal and pharyngeal consonants the normal realization is a back ɑ when adjacent to emphatic consonants and for some speakers bilabial consonants the realization is a back and rounded ɒ 32 badu بَدْو bedouin bædu baʕad بعد after bɑʕɑd ɡahwa قهوة coffee ɡɑhwɑ sˤaff صف row sˤɒfˤfˤ when both a dorsal pharyngeal consonant and emphatic consonant are adjacent to a vowel the realization is ɒ 32 for aː the pattern is largely the same except that when adjacent to dorsal pharyngeal consonants the realization is aː 32 sˤaːm he fasted sˤɒːmˤ ɡaːl he said ɡaːl ʕaːfja عافية health ʕaːfja word finally long aː is shortened and subjected to the same phonological rules as short a this shortening can lead to alternations based on morphological conditioning e g ɣadæ lunch vs ɣadæːk your lunch 32 back vowels edit uː is normally realized as ʊː similarly u is realized ʊ except when unstressed in which case it is reduced to ə if it is not deleted altogether e g bujuːt bəjʊːt or bjʊːt houses 32 the short vowel phoneme o occurs rarely as a variant of the diphthong aw in a handful of words e g لو lo if 35 morphology edit similarly to other arabic varieties gulf arabic has lost much of the case inflection of classical arabic possession is marked with the particles maːl and ħaɡɡ which are attached to possessive enclitics 36 pronouns edit gulf arabic has 10 personal pronouns 37 the conservative dialect has preserved the gender differentiation of the 2nd and 3rd person in the plural forms whereas dual forms have not survived the following table bears the generally most common pronouns person singular plural 1st ānā آنَا niḥin نِحِنْ 2nd masculine inta إِنْتَ intum إِنْتُمْ feminine inti إِنْتِ intin 1 إِنْتِنْ 3rd masculine huwa هُوَ hum هُمْ feminine hiya هِيَ hin 2 هِنْ 1 many speakers do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the second person plural replacing intum and intin with intu إنْتُ 2 speakers that do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the third person plural will also use hum هُمْ for both genders in the third person plural respectively some pronouns however have other less frequent resp local forms ānā آنَا anā أَنَا āni آنِي especially baḥrānī inta إِنْتَ init إِنِتْ huwa هُوَ hū هُوْ huwwa هُوَّ especially qaṭarī uhu أُهُو hiya هِيَ hī هِيْ hiyya هِيَّ especially qaṭarī ihi إِهِي niḥin نِحِنْ niḥna نِحْنَ iḥna إِحْنَا especially baḥrānī and qaṭarī ḥina حِنا qaṭarī intum إِنْتُمْ intu إنْتُ hum هُمْ humma هُمَّ especially qaṭarī uhum أُهُمْ syntax edit the normal word order in main clauses is the following 38 subject verb direct object indirect object adverbials the following sentence indicates the normal word order of declarative statements ʔaħmad ahmad xarrab ruined 3msg l beːt the house ʔaħmad xarrab l beːt ahmad ruined 3msg the house ahmad ruined the house when forming interrogative statements any of these elements can be replaced by interrogative words holes 1990 identifies five such words in gulf arabic 38 من min who ʃinhu alternatively وش weːʃ or إيش eːʃ what كيف keːf how ليش leːʃ alternatively ʃulih why متى mita when unless it is desired to stress one of these elements this order of elements is preserved in the formation of interrogative questions 39 min xarrab il beːt who ruined 3msg the house min xarrab il beːt who ruined 3msg the house who ruined the house ʔaħmad ahmad xarrab ruined 3msg ʃinhu what ʔaħmad xarrab ʃinhu ahmad ruined 3msg what what did amad ruin ʔaħmad ahmad xarrab ruined 3msg il beːt the house leːʃ why ʔaħmad xarrab il beːt leːʃ ahmad ruined 3msg the house why why did ahmad ruin the house when placing emphasis on the questioned element word order can change specifically the element of a clause can be questioned by moving it generally to initial position with the subject which is normally initial it is moved to final position 39 xarrab ruined 3msg il beːt the house min who xarrab il beːt min ruined 3msg the house who who ruined the house the moved element receives strong stress in the case of a question word the intonation is a high fall when the point is to seek clarification the element questioned has a high rising intonation 40 see also edit varieties of arabic peninsular arabic arabic language references edit citations edit e27 gulf arabic at ethnologue 27th ed 2024 holes 2001 pp xvi xvii arabic gulf spoken a language of iraq ethnologue languages of iran ethnologue qafisheh 1977 p xvii 1 2 holes 2001 p versteegh 2006 p 212 1 2 frawley 2003 p 38 1 2 languages of saudi arabia ethnologue awde smith 2003 p 88 holes 1990 p 260 4 1 2 holes 2001 p 51 khalifa et al 2016 holes 1990 p 265 1 2 3 holes 1990 p 261 1 2 holes 1990 p 262 holes 1990 p 262 265 1 2 holes 1990 p 264 al rojaie 2013 p 43 1 2 al amadihi 1985 p 180 qafisheh 1977 p 263 qafisheh 1977 p 265 qafisheh 1977 p 266 qafisheh 1977 p 267 al rojaie 2013 p 48 qafisheh 1977 p 2 almuhannadi 2006 shockley 2020 leitner et al 2021 leung ntelitheos al kaabi 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 holes 1990 p 264 5 shockley 2020 p 38 39 bukshaisha 1985 p 507 qafisheh 1977 p 48 holes 1990 p 170 qafisheh 1977 p 159 1 2 holes 1990 p 3 1 2 holes 1990 p 4 holes 1990 p 5 sources edit al amadihi darwish 1985 lexical and sociolinguistic variation in qatari arabic ph d thesis university of edinburgh al rojaie yousef 2013 regional dialect leveling in najdi arabic the case of the deaffrication of k in the qaṣīmī dialect language variation and change 25 43 63 doi 10 1017 s0954394512000245 s2cid 145173628 almuhannadi muneera 2006 a guide to the idioms of qatari arabic with reference to english idioms qatar isbn 99921 70 47 6 citation cs1 maint location missing publisher link awde nicholas smith kevin 2003 arabic dictionary london bennett bloom isbn 1 898948 20 8 bukshaisha fouzia 1985 an experimental phonetic study of some aspects of qatari arabic frawley william 2003 international encyclopedia of linguistics vol 1 oxford university press isbn 0195139771 holes clive 1990 gulf arabic croom helm descriptive grammars london routledge isbn 0 415 02114 6 holes clive 2001 dialect culture and society in eastern arabia glossary brill isbn 9004107630 khalifa salam habash nizar abdulrahim dana hassan sara 2016 a large scale corpus of gulf arabic proceedings of the international conference on language resources and evaluation lrec portorož slovenia citation cs1 maint location missing publisher link leitner bettina anonby erik taheri ardali mortaza el zarka dina moqami ali 2021 a first description of arabic on the south coast of iran the arabic dialect of bandar moqām hormozgan journal of semitic studies 66 1 215 261 doi 10 1093 jss fgaa040 leung tommi tsz cheung ntelitheos dimitrios al kaabi meera 2020 emirati arabic a comprehensive grammar routledge isbn 9780367220808 qafisheh hamdi a 1977 a short reference grammar of gulf arabic tucson az university of arizona press isbn 0 8165 0570 5 shockley mark 2020 the vowels of urban qatari arabic grand forks n d citation cs1 maint location missing publisher link versteegh kees ed 2006 encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics leiden brill further reading edit albader yousuf b 2015 semantic innovation and change in kuwaiti arabic a study of the polysemy of verbs thesis university of sheffield gulf arabic test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator v t e arabic language overviews language alphabet history romanization numerals influence on other languages scripts nabataean script arabic script ancient north arabian ancient south arabian script arabic numerals eastern numerals arabic braille algerian braille maltese braille diacritics ijam tashkil harakat nunation tanwin shaddah hamza dagger alif maltese alphabet letters alif ba ta tha gim ḥa kha dal dhal ra zay sin shin ṣad ḍad ṭa ẓa ayn ghayn fa qaf kaf lam mim nun ha waw ya varieties pre islamic proto arabic nabataean arabic old arabic old hijazi arabic pre classical arabic literary classical modern standard modern spoken maghrebi pre hilalian andalusi sicilian maltese australian cottenera g...