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gulf pidgin arabic wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 social context 3 usage 4 features toggle features subsection 4 1 phonetic shifts 4 2 vocabulary 4 3 grammar 5 references 6 further reading toggle the table of contents gulf pidgin arabic 1 language فارسی edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia arabic based creole languages gulf pidgin arabic is a group of arabic based pidgins which are primarily used by migrant workers in the arab states of the persian gulf the variety was first described on in 1990 with the author reporting that the variety existed as early as the 1960s 1 as with other pidgins gulf pidgin arabic does not have a standard form and varies in features and vocabulary between communities 2 history edit gpa is thought to have first arisen in the 1950s when the development of the oil industry in the area resulted in the arrival of migrant workers 3 other researchers place the emergence of gpa later in the 1970s or 1980s 4 5 gulf pidgin arabic is generally understood to have developed through sustained contact between arabic speakers and migrant workers from south and southeast asia its formation may have been shaped by simplified registers of arabic known as foreigner talk used by native speakers when communicating with non native workers as well as by interactions among migrant workers with diverse linguistic backgrounds 6 social context edit a number of migrant workers hailing from south asia bangladesh india iran nepal pakistan sri lanka and southeast asia indonesia the philippines thailand work in the persian gulf region these workers speak a variety of languages but are unlikely to speak arabic 3 however because these workers are never naturalized nor do they marry and start families there are no native speakers of the language thereby preventing it from developing into a creole 3 the systemic oppression of migrant workers has also been detrimental to the growth and depth of gpa in the infrequent cases of intermarriage between migrant workers and arabic speakers the migrant worker tends to favor arabic rather than gpa when interacting with their spouse 3 for workers who do permanently settle in the region the social stigma attached to gpa incentivizes them to learn gulf arabic in order to gain social prestige 3 usage edit gulf pidgin arabic gpa is primarily used between migrant workers who are non native speakers of arabic and their arabic speaking employers it is also used between migrant workers if they lack another common language 3 other languages such as english arabic dialects from outside of the persian gulf region gulf arabic and persian might be used alongside it 1 speakers of gpa may also borrow words or simple phrases or sentences from these other languages to better facilitate communication 1 social stigma is attached to speaking gpa which is sometimes used humorously 3 features edit generally speaking gpa does not have a vowel length distinction which is present in gulf arabic 2 gpa also does not geminate consonants 2 7 phonetic shifts edit phonetic shifts are dependent on the speaker s native language 5 the amount of time workers spend in the region also tends to correspond to pronunciations that more closely resemble gulf arabic 5 phoneme 2 gulf arabic gulf pidgin arabic x خ x k ɣ غ ɣ g vocabulary edit gpa borrows from english as well as arabic in its lexicon although these loanwords do usually have already existing equivalents in arabic 2 personal pronouns are underdeveloped with the singular first person and singular second person being most commonly used 2 grammar edit verbs in gpa do not conjugate for person rather the third person singular masculine imperfect form is used in all cases 2 3 aspect and tense markers are missing so speakers must glean that information from context 2 3 gpa does not utilize the arabic dual noun form instead speakers preface nouns with the cardinal number two 2 reduplication with both arabic and english words is used to emphasize or intensify that word s meaning 2 another innovation in gpa is the use of fi as a copula which gulf arabic lacks in the present tense 8 in terms of negation gulf pidgin arabic uses the negative particle maafi which comes from gulf arabic meaning there isn t in gpa maafi serves as a general purpose negator used not only in existential and equational but also with main verbs alternatives such as maa and mub both meaning not in gulf arabic are also occasionally used 3 the pronominal system in gulf pidgin arabic gpa is significantly simpler than that of gulf arabic speakers predominantly use three independent pronouns ana i inta you and huwa him along with the possessive suffix i my other forms are rare 9 word order in gpa tends to follow a subject verb object svo pattern which is the most common structure among pidgin languages 9 references edit 1 2 3 smart j r 1990 pidginization in gulf arabic a first report anthropological linguistics 32 1 2 83 119 issn 0003 5483 jstor 30028141 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 atta m s salem ashraf 2013 04 11 linguistic features of pidgin arabic in kuwait pdf english language teaching 6 5 doi 10 5539 elt v6n5p105 issn 1916 4750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 bakir murtadha j 2010 08 16 notes on the verbal system of gulf pidgin arabic journal of pidgin and creole languages 25 2 201 228 doi 10 1075 jpcl 25 2 01bak issn 0920 9034 almoaily mohammad 2014 language variation in gulf pidgin arabic pidgins and creoles beyond africa europe encounters creole language library vol 47 amsterdam john benjamins publishing company pp 57 84 doi 10 1075 cll 47 04alm isbn 978 90 272 5270 8 retrieved 2023 06 03 1 2 3 aljutaily mohammad fahad 2018 the influence of linguistic and non linguistic factors on the variation of arabic marked consonants in the speech of gulf pidgin arabic acoustic analysis esploro libs uga edu retrieved 2023 06 03 avram andrei a 2014 immigrant workers and language formation gulf pidgin arabic lengua y migración language migration 6 2 7 40 eissn 2660 7166 isbn 9789200474491 issn 1889 5425 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link altakhaineh abdel rahman mitib al namer abdul salam alnamer sulafah march 2022 degemination in emirati pidgin arabic a sociolinguistic perspective languages 7 1 8 doi 10 3390 languages7010008 issn 2226 471x potsdam eric alanazi mohammad 2014 fi in gulf pidgin arabic kansas working papers in linguistics 35 9 29 doi 10 17161 kwpl 1808 15946 hdl 1808 15946 issn 2378 7600 1 2 alghamdi emad a 2014 12 31 gulf pidgin arabic a descriptive and statistical analysis of stability international journal of linguistics 6 6 110 doi 10 5296 ijl v6i6 6846 issn 1948 5425 further reading edit alqahtani mufleh almoaily mohammad 28 october 2022 debuccalization in gulf pidgin arabic ot parallelism or harmonic serialism journal of semitic studies 68 1 139 164 doi 10 1093 jss fgac022 alshammari wafi fhaid 24 august 2022 numeral form selection and accommodation in gulf pidgin arabic language interaction and acquisition 13 1 29 62 doi 10 1075 lia 21010 als s2cid 251823493 v t e arabic language overviews language alphabet history romanization numerals influence on other languages scripts nabataean script arabic script ancient north arabian ancient south arabian script arabic numerals eastern numerals arabic braille algerian braille maltese braille diacritics ijam tashkil harakat nunation tanwin shaddah hamza dagger alif maltese alphabet letters alif ba ta tha gim ḥa kha dal dhal ra zay sin shin ṣad ḍad ṭa ẓa ayn ghayn fa qaf kaf lam mim nun ha waw ya varieties pre islamic proto arabic nabataean arabic old arabic old hijazi arabic pre classical arabic literary classical modern standard modern spoken maghrebi pre hilalian andalusi sicilian maltese australian cottenera gozitan qormi żejtun żurrieqi urban ceuta tunis north eastern tunisian fessi village eastern sahili sahel sfaxian jijel lesser kabylia western traras msirda jebli mountain judeo maghrebi judeo moroccan judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian hilalian central hilal algerian judeo algerian algerian saharan eastern algerian eastern hilal tunisian maqil hassaniya nemadi moroccan eastern western western algerian sulaym libyan western egyptian bedawi nile valley egyptian saʽidi sudanese levantine north cilician lebanese syrian aleppine damascene south jordanian palestinian mesopotamian gilit baghdadi khuzestani shawi south north qeltu anatolian cypriot judeo iraqi baghdadi peninsular bahrani bareqi bedawi dhofari gulf bahraini emirati kuwaiti khamseh qatari hejazi k group yafiʽi najdi omani shihhi yemeni hadhrami indonesian sanʽani taʽizzi adeni tihami judeo yemeni others central asian bactrian bukhara kashkadarya khorasani shirvani chadian nigerian sociological bedouin arabic judeo arabic judeo algerian judeo egyptian judeo iraqi baghdadi judeo moroccan kjal wqal judeo palestinian judeo syrian judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian tunisene judeo yemeni adeni beda habban sanʽani creoles and pidgins bimbashi bongor gulf pidgin jordanian bengali pidgin juba maridi nubi pidgin madam turku academic literature names linguistics standard arabic phonology sun and moon letters tajwid imala irab case grammar triliteral root mater lectionis ipa quranic arabic corpus calligraphy script ajami script diwani hijazi script jawi script jeli thuluth kairouani kufic maghrebi mashq muhaqqaq naskh script nastaliq rasm ruqʽa script shahmukhi sini script taliq script tawqi thuluth technical arabic keyboard arabic script in unicode iso iec 8859 6 windows 1256 ms dos codepages 708 709 710 711 720 864 macarabic encoding other islam and arabic language italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title gulf_pidgin_arabic oldid 1361112733 categories arabic based pidgins and creoles languages of saudi arabia languages of kuwait languages of the united arab emirates languages of the indian diaspora hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 maint periodical has isbn this page was last edited on 25 june 2026 at 18 32 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents gulf pidgin arabic 1 language add topic