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of gateway devices telephones video terminals or other h 323 network elements the service provider might arrange devices into zones that enable the service provider to best manage all of the devices under its control such as logical arrangement by city taken together all of the zones within the service provider network would appear to another service provider as an administrative domain the border element is a signaling entity that generally sits at the edge of the administrative domain and communicates with another administrative domain this communication might include such things as access authorization information call pricing information or other important data necessary to enable communication between the two administrative domains peer elements are entities within the administrative domain that more or less help to propagate information learned from the border elements throughout the administrative domain such architecture is intended to enable large scale deployments within carrier networks and to enable services such as clearinghouses the diagram figure 2 provides an illustration of an administrative domain with border elements peer elements and gatekeepers h 323 network signaling edit h 323 is defined as a binary protocol which allows for efficient message processing in network elements the syntax of the protocol is defined in asn 1 and uses the packed encoding rules per form of message encoding for efficient message encoding on the wire below is an overview of the various communication flows in h 323 systems h 225 0 call signaling edit figure 3 establishment of an h 323 call once the address of the remote endpoint is resolved the endpoint will use h 225 0 call signaling in order to establish communication with the remote entity h 225 0 messages are 9 setup and setup acknowledge call proceeding connect alerting information release complete facility progress status and status inquiry notify in the simplest form an h 323 call may be established as follows figure 3 in this example the endpoint ep on the left initiated communication with the gateway on the right and the gateway connected the call with the called party in reality call flows are often more complex than the one shown but most calls that utilize the fast connect procedures defined within h 323 can be established with as few as 2 or 3 messages endpoints must notify their gatekeeper if gatekeepers are used that they are in a call once a call has concluded a device will send a release complete message endpoints are then required to notify their gatekeeper if gatekeepers are used that the call has ended ras signaling edit figure 4 a high level communication exchange between two endpoints ep and two gatekeepers gk endpoints use the ras protocol in order to communicate with a gatekeeper likewise gatekeepers use ras to communicate with peer gatekeepers ras is a fairly simple protocol composed of just a few messages namely gatekeeper request reject and confirm messages grx registration request reject and confirm messages rrx unregister request reject and confirm messages urx admission request reject and confirm messages arx bandwidth request reject and confirm message brx disengage request reject and confirm drx location request reject and confirm messages lrx info request ack nack and response irx nonstandard message unknown message response request in progress rip resource availability indication and confirm rax service control indication and response scx when an endpoint is powered on it will generally send a gatekeeper request grq message to discover gatekeepers that are willing to provide service gatekeepers will then respond with a gatekeeper confirm gcf and the endpoint will then select a gatekeeper to work with alternatively it is possible that a gatekeeper has been predefined in the system s administrative setup so there is no need for the endpoint to discover one once the endpoint determines the gatekeeper to work with it will try to register with the gatekeeper by sending a registration request rrq to which the gatekeeper responds with a registration confirm rcf at this point the endpoint is known to the network and can make and place calls when an endpoint wishes to place a call it will send an admission request arq to the gatekeeper the gatekeeper will then resolve the address either locally by consulting another gatekeeper or by querying some other network service and return the address of the remote endpoint in the admission confirm message acf the endpoint can then place the call upon receiving a call a remote endpoint will also send an arq and receive an acf in order to get permission to accept the incoming call this is necessary for example to authenticate the calling device or to ensure that there is available bandwidth for the call figure 4 depicts a high level communication exchange between two endpoints ep and two gatekeepers gk h 245 call control edit once a call has initiated but not necessarily fully connected endpoints may initiate h 245 call control signaling in order to provide more extensive control over the conference h 245 is a rather voluminous specification with many procedures that fully enable multipoint communication though in practice most implementations only implement the minimum necessary in order to enable point to point voice and video communication h 245 provides capabilities such as capability negotiation master slave determination opening and closing of logical channels i e audio and video flows flow control and conference control it has support for both unicast and multicast communication allowing the size of a conference to theoretically grow without bound capability negotiation edit of the functionality provided by h 245 capability negotiation is arguably the most important as it enables devices to communicate without having prior knowledge of the capabilities of the remote entity h 245 enables rich multimedia capabilities including audio video text and data communication for transmission of audio video or text h 323 devices utilize both itu defined codecs and codecs defined outside the itu codecs that are widely implemented by h 323 equipment include video codecs h 261 h 263 h 264 audio codecs g 711 g 729 g 729a g 723 1 g 726 text codecs t 140 h 245 also enables real time data conferencing capability through protocols like t 120 t 120 based applications generally operate in parallel with the h 323 system but are integrated to provide the user with a seamless multimedia experience t 120 provides such capabilities as application sharing t 128 electronic whiteboard t 126 file transfer t 127 and text chat t 134 within the context of the conference when an h 323 device initiates communication with a remote h 323 device and when h 245 communication is established between the two entities the terminal capability set tcs message is the first message transmitted to the other side master slave determination edit after sending a tcs message h 323 entities through h 245 exchanges will attempt to determine which device is the master and which is the slave this process referred to as master slave determination msd is important as the master in a call settles all disputes between the two devices for example if both endpoints attempt to open incompatible media flows it is the master who takes the action to reject the incompatible flow logical channel signaling edit once capabilities are exchanged and master slave determination steps have completed devices may then open logical channels or media flows this is done by simply sending an open logical channel olc message and receiving an acknowledgement message upon receipt of the acknowledgement message an endpoint may then transmit audio or video to the remote endpoint fast connect edit figure 5 a typical h 245 exchange a typical h 245 exchange looks similar to figure 5 after this exchange of messages the two endpoints ep in this figure would be transmitting audio in each direction the number of message exchanges is numerous each has an important purpose but nonetheless takes time for this reason h 323 version 2 published in 1998 introduced a concept called fast connect which enables a device to establish bi directional media flows as part of the h 225 0 call establishment procedures with fast connect it is possible to establish a call with bi directional media flowing with no more than two messages like in figure 3 fast connect is widely supported in the industry even so most devices still implement the complete h 245 exchange as shown above and perform that message exchange in parallel to other activities so there is no noticeable delay to the calling or called party use cases edit h 323 and voice over ip services edit voice over internet protocol voip describes the transmission of voice using the internet or other packet switched networks itu t recommendation h 323 is one of the standards used in voip voip requires a connection to the internet or another packet switched network a subscription to a voip service provider and a client an analogue telephone adapter ata voip phone or soft phone the service provider offers the connection to other voip services or to the pstn most service providers charge a monthly fee then additional costs when calls are made citation needed using voip between two enterprise locations would not necessarily require a voip service provider for example h 323 has been widely deployed by companies who wish to interconnect remote locations over ip using a number of various wired and wireless technologies h 323 and videoconference services edit a videoconference or videoteleconference vtc is a set of telecommunication technologies allowing two or more locations to interact via two way video and audio transmissions simultaneously there are basically two types of videoconferencing dedicated vtc systems have all required components packaged into a single piece of equipment while desktop vtc systems are add ons to normal pc s transforming them into vtc devices simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a multipoint control unit mcu there are mcu bridges for ip and isdn based videoconferencing due to the price point and proliferation of the internet and broadband in particular there has been a strong spurt of growth and use of h 323 based ip videoconferencing h 323 is accessible to anyone with a high speed internet connection such as dsl videoconferencing is utilized in various situations for example distance education telemedicine video relay service and business citation needed needs update alternatives edit iax2 inter asterisk exchange a binary protocol designed to reduce overhead especially in regard to voice streams defined in rfc 5456 the ietf produced a standard called the session initiation protocol sip that also enables voice and video communication over ip there are also other itu t recommendations used for videoconferencing and videophone services h 320 using isdn and h 324 using regular analog phone lines and 3g mobile phones jingle jabber xmpp extension also enables video and voice over ip some providers such as skype also use their own closed proprietary formats access grid provides broadly similar functionality with more emphasis on open source and utilizing multicast evo also includes h 323 support 10 see also edit global dialing scheme gds h 323 gatekeeper next generation network internet engineering task force ietf international telecommunication union itu telecommunications standardization sector itu t multipoint control units mcu videoconferencing voice over ip voip session initiation protocol sip lifesize communications polycom rtp audio video profile references edit h 323 packet based multimedia communications systems www itu int archived from the original on 2021 04 29 retrieved 2021 04 29 davidson jonathan james peters jim peters brian gracely 2000 h 323 voice over ip fundamentals cisco press pp 229 230 isbn 978 1 57870 168 1 h 323 products services archived from the original on 15 may 2016 itu t recommendation h 323 11 1996 first version of h 323 itu t recommendation h 323 in force superseded and withdrawn component itu t recommendation h 323 02 1998 packet based multimedia communications systems 1 2 itu t recommendation h 323 12 2009 packet based multimedia communications systems see itu t recommendations of the h 323 system for a detailed list h 225 0 call signalling protocols and media stream packetization for packet based multimedia communication systems www itu int ahson syed a ilyas mohammad 8 october 2018 voip handbook applications technologies reliability and security crc press isbn 978 1 4200 7021 7 external links edit h 323 information site h 323 plus open source h 323 project gnu opensource gatekeeper v t e multimedia compression and container formats video compression iso iec mpeg dv mjpeg motion jpeg 2000 mpeg 1 mpeg 2 part 2 mpeg 4 part 2 asp part 10 avc part 33 ivc mpeg h part 2 hevc mpeg i part 3 vvc mpeg 5 part 1 evc part 2 lcevc itu t vceg h 120 h 261 h 262 h 263 h 264 avc h 265 hevc h 266 vvc h 267 enhanced compression model smpte vc 1 vc 2 vc 3 vc 5 vc 6 truemotion and aomedia truemotion s vp3 vp6 vp7 vp8 vp9 av1 av2 chinese standard avs1 p2 avs gb t 20090 2 16 avs2 p2 gb t 33475 2 gy t 299 1 hdr vivid gy t 358 avs3 p2 gy t 368 others apple video avs bink cinepak daala dvi ffv1 huffyuv indeo lagarith microsoft video 1 msu lossless oms video pixlet prores 422 4444 quicktime animation graphics realvideo rtvideo sheervideo smacker sorenson video spark theora thor ut wmv xeb yuls audio compression iso iec mpeg mpeg 1 layer ii multichannel mpeg 1 layer i mpeg 1 layer iii mp3 aac he aac aac ld mpeg surround mpeg 4 als mpeg 4 sls mpeg 4 dst mpeg 4 hvxc mpeg 4 celp mpeg d usac mpeg h 3d audio itu t g 711 a law µ law g 718 g 719 g 722 g 722 1 g 722 2 g 723 g 723 1 g 726 g 728 g 729 g 729 1 ietf opus ilbc speex vorbis flac 3gpp amr amr wb amr wb evrc evrc b evs gsm hr gsm fr gsm efr etsi ac 3 ac 4 dts bluetooth sig sbc lc3 chinese standard avs1 p10 gb t 20090 10 avs2 p3 gb t 33475 3 audio vivid gy t 363 dra gb t 22726 exac sj t 11299 4 others acelp alac asao atrac celt codec 2 isac lyra melp monkey s audio mt9 musepack optimfrog osq qcelp rcelp realaudio sd2 shn silk siren smv svopc tta true audio twinvq vmr wb vselp wavpack wma mqa aptx aptx hd aptx low latency aptx adaptive ldac lhdc llac truehd image compression iec iso ietf w3c itu t jpeg ccitt group 4 gif heic heif hevc jbig jbig2 jpeg jpeg 2000 jpeg ls jpeg xl jpeg xr jpeg xs jpeg xt png apng tiff tiff ep tiff it others av1 avif bpg djvu exr flif icer mng pgf qoi qtvr wbmp webp containers iso iec mpeg es mpeg pes mpeg ps mpeg ts iso iec base media file format mpeg 4 part 14 mp4 motion jpeg 2000 mpeg 21 part 9 mpeg media transport itu t h 222 0 t 802 ietf rtp ogg matroska smpte gxf mxf others 3gp and 3g2 amv asf aiff avi au bpg bink smacker bmp divx media format evo flash video heif iff m2ts matroska webm quicktime fi...