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ere produced by hewlett packard hp from the mid 1960s to early 1990s tens of thousands of machines in the series were sold over its 25 year lifetime making hp the fourth largest minicomputer vendor during the 1970s the design started at data systems inc dsi and was originally known as the dsi 1000 hp purchased the company in 1964 and merged it into their dymec division the original model the 2116a built using integrated circuits and magnetic core memory was released in 1966 over the next four years models a through c were released with different types of memory and expansion as well as the cost reduced 2115 and 2114 models all of these models were replaced by the hp 2100 series in 1971 1 and then again by the 21mx series in 1974 when the magnetic core memory was replaced with semiconductor memory 2 all of these models were also packaged as the hp 2000 series combining a 2100 series machine with optional components in order to run the basic programming language in a multi user time sharing fashion 3 hp time shared basic was popular in the 1970s and many early basic programs were written on or for the platform most notably the seminal star trek that was popular during the early home computer era the people s computer company published their programs in hp 2000 format the introduction of the hp 3000 in 1974 provided high end competition to the 2100 series the entire line was renamed as the hp 1000 in 1976 and positioned as real time computers a greatly redesigned version was introduced in 1979 as the 1000 l series using cmos large scale integration chips and introducing a desk side tower case model this was the first version to break backward compatibility with previous 2100 series expansion cards the final upgrade was the a series with new processors capable of more than 1 mips performance 4 with the final a990 released in 1990 5 history edit origins edit hp formed dynac in 1956 to act as a development shop for projects the main company would not normally undertake their original logo was simply the hp logo turned upside down forming something approximating dy and thus inspiring the name learning that westinghouse owned a trademark on that name in 1958 they changed it to dymec the company was brought in house in 1959 to become the dymec division and in november 1967 was renamed the palo alto division 6 dymec originally made a variety of products for the hp family but over time became primarily an integrator building test equipment and similar systems that were used by hp in 1964 kay magleby and paul stoft began experimenting with the use of pdp 5 and pdp 8 computers to act as controllers for their complex test systems but they felt the machines would require changes to truly suit their needs at the time digital equipment corporation dec was still a small company and a takeover target david packard found ken olsen too difficult to deal with and such plans went nowhere 6 looking for another design they could purchase packard was led to the five person data systems inc dsi of detroit dsi was owned by union carbide and when packard asked how it was that union carbide came to own a computer company hp labs manager barney oliver replied we didn t demand an answer to that question bill hewlett initially refused to consider the development of a minicomputer but when packard reframed it as an instrument controller the deal was approved 6 hp purchased dsi in 1964 and initially set up dymec with four of the original five dsi employees and a number of other employees coming from hp s instrumentation divisions 6 7 the computer group later moved to its own offices in cupertino california in a building purchased from varian associates becoming the cupertino division 6 first models edit hp 2115a computer pictured without its power supply led by magleby the new division completed the design as the 2116a which was demonstrated 7 10 november 1966 at the joint computer conference in san francisco 8 9 it was one of the earliest 16 bit minis to hit the market but at the time it was more notable as an unusual new instrumentation computer with a highly expandable design and real time support the system featured an oversized cabinet that held up to 16 expansion cards or could be further expanded to 48 cards with an external expansion cage the system launched with 20 different instrumentation cards including counters nuclear scalers electronic thermometers digital voltmeters ac ohms converters data amplifiers and input scanners an additional set added input output devices like tape drives printers punched cards and paper tape and other peripherals 10 real time service was provided by having each card slot be assigned a fixed interrupt vector that called the appropriate device driver 6 as the machine entered the market it quickly became clear it was selling much more rapidly into the business data processing market than the originally targeted instrumentation market this led to the introduction of the 2115a in 1967 which removed much of the expansion capabilities to make a lower cost offering for commercial users a further simplified version shipped as the 2114a in 1968 6 which had only eight slots leaving room for the power supply to be incorporated into the main chassis 11 the 2115 and 2114 also lacked the extensive dma control of the 2116 removed some of the mathematical operations and ran at slightly slower speeds these are the original models using core memory and a hardwired cpu 2116a 10 mhz clock 1 6 microsecond μs cycle time normally supplied with 4k words expandable to 8k internally or 16k with an external memory system chassis includes 16 i o slots also expandable weight 230 pounds 104 kg 12 introduced november 1966 it marked hp s first use of integrated circuits 8 2116b supported a new 32k memory expansion option weight as above 13 introduced september 1968 2116c used smaller core so a full 32k could fit in the main chassis introduced october 1970 2115a short lived cost reduced version that removed the dma and some math functions had only 8 i o slots and ran at 8 mhz clock and a 2 0 μs cycle time weighed 65 pounds 29 kg required a bulky external power supply total weight 160 pounds 72 6 kg 13 introduced november 1967 2114a further simplified 2115 with a new front panel and internal power supply non mechanical touch switches on front panel weight 95 pounds 43 kg 13 introduced october 1968 2114b 2114a with a single dma channel and a new front panel with illuminated push buttons introduced november 1969 2114c as 2114b with a maximum 16k memory introduced october 1970 hp 2000 edit in 1968 14 15 16 the company released the 2000a timeshare system 17 later known as hp 2000 access this was based on the 2116b a 2116a with an expanded 8k core memory running hp time shared basic and used a separate 2114 as a terminal server t s basic allowed multiple user accounts to be created 18 with up to 16 users logged in at once later models of the 2000 b through f used newer versions of the underlying cpu as they were introduced some models used low end versions of the same cpu as the terminal server the 2000f for instance used a 2100s as the main cpu and primary storage controller while a 2100a acted as the terminal server 19 the b c and f models were dual processor in the last version the 2000f a 2100s and 2100a cpu were used with the 2100a connected to up to 32 serial terminals via serial multiplexer interfaces 19 in spite of its relatively high costs the 2000f cost 105 000 in 1974 19 or about 685 000 in 2025 it was the first minicomputer to offer time shared basic 20 which made it very popular in the early to mid 1970s 2100 edit hp 2100 computer upper left shown with two 7970 tape drives 7900 series hard disk 2748 paper tape reader and 2767a impact printer the separate front panel switches and lights were replaced with light up push buttons which had a tendency to burn out 21 hp 2100a computer through the 1970s the lineup was constantly improved with new models that remained compatible in software and expansion with the original 2116 in early 1970 fred allard formerly of ampex s memory core division was asked to design a new magnetic core memory system for the systems rather than continue purchasing them from ampex using newer 18 mil cores down from 22 mil and using a single sense inhibit line they fit an 8 kw memory onto a single expansion card this was used starting in the 2116c models 22 in 1971 the updated 2100a replaced the entire existing 211x lineup the overall system was similar to the earlier models and continued to be based on core memory physically it most resembled the 2114 as the power supply was built in and it had limited internal expansion however the cpu was rebuilt with microcode that could be user programmed added hardware multiply and divide and added a simple memory protection system which caused a high priority interrupt when triggered a two channel dma controller provided higher throughput an optional floating point unit was also available front panel buttons were illuminated by small incandescent lamps that burned out with use the use of a switched mode power supply a allowed the chassis to be significantly smaller than the earlier models by 1972 hp had shipped 4 500 minis making it one of the largest companies in the market that year they merged the mountain view division which made magnetic tape drives with the cupertino division to create the data systems division dsd by this time the hp 3000 project was in serious trouble and in february 1973 packard sent paul ely to take over the division sales of the 2100 series remained strong the 6000th shipped in august 1973 the 8000th in february 1974 and its 10 000th in february 1975 24 they were declared obsolete in 1978 1 2100a normally with 4 kw but expandable to 32 kw 14 i o slots expandable to 45 introduced in 1971 2100s a 2100a bundled with the floating point option a time base generator for interfacing with time dependent hardware and a teleprinter interface card introduced in 1973 21mx edit in 1972 the division moved to 4kbit sram memory chips in place of core these were about twice as fast as contemporary low cost core and much smaller allowing 32kword machines to be built in a 2114 like form factor at the time they made this decision 4kbit srams were not actually available so experimental machines using the core from a 2100 series were used initially replaced by 1kbit sram at first it appeared 4k parts would not be available by the time the rest of the machine had been upgraded so the company canvassed various manufacturers and found that a few were aggressively developing 4k parts in particular intel mostek motorola and texas instruments were all suggesting such parts would be available in quantity by late 1974 25 using such memories in an expansion chassis like the earlier systems meant there was room for much more memory into the megaword range however the cpu s use of 15 bit addresses limited the size to 32kwords 26 to address the desire for larger systems hp developed the dynamic mapping system or dms dms expanded the address format from 15 to 20 bits allowing a maximum of 1 048 576 words a dramatic expansion of the original system 27 these changes led to the 1974 introduction of the first of the 21mx series machines this stood for the 21 m processor and the 21 x memory as the memory control systems were separated from the cpu in order to provide flexibility in case the chosen 4k parts were changed during production this proved useful in practice as the machines were shipped with memories using either motorola or texas instruments parts and they could be mixed in a single machine while the higher density system based on 16 pin mostek parts could be supported by replacing the normal 21 x 2 controller with the 21 x 1 25 the entire 2100 series was replaced in 1974 with the first of these 21mx series machines using the highest density parts the new largest models could support up to 1 2 mb when the cpu was further upgraded in 1976 the new models became the 21mx e series and the original models retroactively became the 21mx m series the main difference between the m and e was that the e used clever timing to improve the speed to about twice that of the m 28 a wider variety of machine styles were released as part of the 21mx series including smaller systems with four slots and larger ones with 9 or 14 slots 29 the 21mx series featured a memory management unit and semiconductor memory expandable to 1 048 576 words one megaword the bit displays on the front panel buttons used small red light emitting diodes leds instead of the burnout prone incandescent bulbs used in earlier versions m series 2105a 2108a 2112a blue line on front panel e series 2109a 2113a yellow line on front panel e for extended f series 2111f 2117f red line on front panel f for floating point processor in a separate 2u chassis the 21mx ran the hp rte real time operating system os they started out as refrigerator sized 19 inch rackmount systems with lights and switches on the front panels the last models would use a 1 chip processor and fit under a desk using a console terminal rather than a front panel the new l and a series models came with integrated gpib originally hp ib a k a ieee 488 but as with all hp systems at that time it had no blinking led lights on its front panel despite customer demands for a real time ability and hp r d s efforts using an installable real time card its rte a os was not as good at real time operations as rte on a 21mx this made the 21mx product hard to kill many companies use real time operations to take measurements and control processes turn on or off a pump heater a valve speed up or slow down a motor etc 1000 series edit an hp 2647a graphics terminal connected to an hp 1000 e series machine at the end of 1976 the entire line was renamed as the hp 1000 becoming the hp 1000 m series and hp 1000 e series the next year the hp 1000 f series was introduced which was an e series with an added floating point unit 30 by 1978 the success of the line had propelled hp to become the fourth largest manufacturer in the minicomputer space trailing only dec ibm and data general 6 in 1980 the hp 1000 l series was introduced this used a new processor based on hp s large scale integration silicon on sapphire process additionally the expansion cards were also equipped with their own processors that allowed them to access main memory and conduct input output without bothering the cpu although this made the expansion cards incompatible with the earlier models for the first time it also greatly improved overall performance these models lacked the memory management unit 31 hp1000l silicon on sapphire sos cpu and i o processors the l series was in turn replaced in 1982 with the hp 1000 a series which included a new lightning cpu design that reached 1 mips and the even faster magic cpu at 3 mips a wide variety of different models was produced including desk side towers and a variety of differen...