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y the 1930s the qu aiti sultan saleh bin ghalib r 1936 1956 was facing stiff pressure to modernize a task for which he seriously lacked resources these demands were largely initiated by returning yemeni emigrants such as the kaf sayyids of tarim the family of al kaf had made their fortune in singapore and wished to spend some of their wealth improving living conditions at home led by sayyid abu bakr al kaf bin sheikh they built a motor road from tarim to shihr hoping to use it to import goods into hadhramaut but were frustrated by opposition from the camel owning tribes who had a transport monopoly between the coast and the interior 28 in february 1937 a peace between the qu aiti and kathiri sultanates totally unprecedented in the history of that region was brought about essentially by the efforts of two men sayyid abu bakr al kaf and harold ingrams the first political officer in hadhramaut sayyid abu bakr used his personal wealth to finance this peace which was known universally thereafter as ingrams peace this brought some stability permitting introduction of administrative educational and development measures 29 tarim remained under kathiri rule however tarim alongside the neighboring settlement of al ghuraf was a pocket of kathiri territory in the country of the tamim the tamim a subset of the larger bani dhanna tribe 30 occupied the land in between tarim and seiyoun and owed political allegiance to the qu aiti sultanate 31 the qu aiti sultans ruled the vast majority of hadramaut under a loose british protectorate the aden protectorate from 1882 to 1967 when the hadhramaut was annexed by south yemen the qu aiti dynasty was founded by umar bin awadh al qu aiti a yafa i tribesman whose wealth and influence as hereditary jemadar of the nizam of hyderabad s armed forces enabled him to establish the qu aiti dynasty in the latter half of the 19th century winning british recognition of his paramount status in the region in 1882 the british government and the traditional and scholarly sultan ali bin salah signed a treaty in 1937 appointing the british government as advisors in hadhramaut the british exiled him to aden in 1945 but the protectorate lasted until 1967 citation needed gate of mukalla in qu aiti 1949 during the final years of the british colonial rule in south arabia hadhramaut remained administratively distinct from the federation of south arabia the region was primarily governed by the qu ayti and kathiri sultanates the hadhrami sultans resisted integration into the federation maintaining a separate identity and exploring options for total independence or potential links to saudi arabia 32 in the 1960s a rise of revolutionary sentiment in the region was fueled by the spread of nasserism and anti colonial ideas throughout the hadhrami diaspora the movement of arab nationalists man established its first hadhrami cells in 1960 by 1963 man leadership helped form the national liberation front nlf to challenge british rule across the south 32 while the nlf engaged in fighting in aden and its hinterland its strategy in hadhramaut relied on the systemic infiltration of local security forces most notably the hadhrami bedouin legion hbl which allowed the nlf to seize control with minimal resistance in late 1967 while the qu ayti and kathiri sultans were attending un negotiations in geneva revolutionary forces took over the administrative centers when the sultans attempted to return via mukalla on 17 september 1967 they were blocked by a combined nlf hbl delegation effectively ending monarchical rule 32 under the people s democratic republic of yemen edit see also south yemen in 1967 the former states of the british aden protectorate became an independent communist state the people s democratic republic of yemen pdry hadhramaut s transition into the pdry was marked by ideological conflict local nlf leaders including future vice president ali salem al beidh and governor faysal al attas represented the party s radical left wing in may 1968 these local figures attempted to assert regional autonomy by declaring the people s democratic republic of hadhramaut this move was viewed by president qahtan muhammad al shaabi as a threat to national unity to the government in aden in response he deployed the army to purge the hadhrami nlf leadership and bring the province under centralized authority 32 mukalla in the 1970s under the yemeni socialist party ysp hadhramaut was integrated into a unified state that prioritized the eradication of tribal identities 32 while early revolutionary policies led to friction including the desecration of sufi shrines in the late 1960s the 1980s saw a more conciliatory approach toward the religious establishment despite the state s diplomatic isolation from most of the gulf cooperation council due to its alliance with the soviet union the hadhrami economy remained resilient due to the steady flow of remittances from workers living in the gulf states 32 hadhramaut was historically underrepresented in the nlf s central hierarchy compared to the more politically dominant regions of abyan and lahij this regional power balance shifted following the south yemeni crisis a brief but violent conflict between rival factions in aden 32 although hadhramaut was not a primary theater of combat the resulting political vacuum allowed hadhrami politicians to ascend to the top of the state apparatus ali salem al beidh assumed leadership of the ysp while haydar abu bakr al attas became president leading the country until south yemen was united with north yemen in 1990 as the republic of yemen 32 33 contemporary yemen edit the capital and largest city of hadhramaut is the port mukalla mukalla had a 1994 population of 122 400 and a 2003 population of 174 700 while the port city of ash shihr has grown from 48 600 to 69 400 in the same time one of the more historically important cities in the region is tarim an important locus of islamic learning it is estimated to contain the highest concentration of descendants of muhammad anywhere in the world 34 geography edit see also geology of yemen geography of yemen south arabian fog woodlands shrublands and dune and arabian peninsula coastal fog desert al hajarayn wadi dowan physical geography edit al shaggain in burum brom mayfa district hadhramaut is geographically divided into inner hadhramaut hadrami arabic حضرموت الداخل which is made up of wadi hadhramaut smaller tributary wadis south from the main wadi and coastal hadhramaut hadrami arabic حضرموت الساحل 35 which consists of a narrow arid coastal plain bounded by the steep escarpment of a broad plateau locally known as the jowl hadrami arabic ٱلْجَوْل romanized al jawl averaging 1 370 m 4 490 ft 36 the undefined northern edge of hadhramaut slopes down to the desert of the empty quarter where the hadhramaut plateau or highlands arabic هَضْبَة حَضْرَمَوْت romanized haḍbat ḥaḍramawt meets the gulf of aden in the arabian sea elevation abruptly decreases 37 shibam in wadi hadhramaut with mountains in the background bir ali crater in shabwa the crater is about 1 3 km wide and contains water with a surface of about 800 meters wide mountains edit see also hadhramaut mountains the hadhramaut mountains arabic جِبَال حَضْرَمَوْت romanized jibāl ḥaḍramawt 38 also known as the mahrah mountains 39 arabic جِبَال ٱلْمَهْرَة romanized jibāl al mahrah are a mountain range in yemen 40 they are contiguous with the omani dhofar mountains to the northeast 37 and james canton considered aden in the southwest to be in the mountains recesses 41 wadis edit image of wadi hadhramaut its tributaries and the plateau from the iss wadi hadhramaut arabic وادي حضرموت is the main wadi in the region which has 16 tributary wadis which are 1 wadis southern plateau northern plateau wadi dahr wadi hanin wadi rahyah wadi sad wadi amd wadi na am wadi dawan wadi ja imah wadi al ain wadi thabi wadi manoob bin ali wadi al jon wadi adim wadi aynat wadi tena wadi sena desert edit this section is empty you can help by adding to it november 2024 coast edit this section is empty you can help by adding to it november 2024 political geography edit the borders of hadhramaut have varied over time to include the territory between aden and dhofar but it always included the wadi hadhramaut the lands between the wadi and the coast and the desert region of the empty quarter north of the wadi 42 this encompasses the current governorates of hadramaut and mahra in their entirety as well as parts of the shabwah governorate 43 42 the current governorate of hadhramaut roughly incorporates the former territory of the two sultanates 42 the hadharem live in densely built towns centered on traditional watering stations along the wadis hadharem harvest crops of wheat and millet tend date palm and coconut groves and grow some coffee on the plateau bedouins tend sheep and goats society is still highly tribal with the old seyyid aristocracy descended from the islamic prophet muhammad traditionally educated strict in their islamic observance and highly respected in religious and secular affairs 35 economy edit the bugshan palace in wadi dawan historically hadhramaut was known for being a major producer of frankincense which in the early 20th century was mainly exported to mumbai in india 44 84 the region has also produced senna and coconut farming and fishing are other economic activities in the region where 5 8 of yemen s total agriculture comes from the hadhramaut governorate alone key agricultural products from this region include dates and various grains additionally the fishing sector serves as a primary economic resource for the local population benefiting from a lengthy coastline along the arabian sea that is rich in diverse fish and marine life 13 the governorate s lands also hold mineral resources notably oil and gold 13 currently hadhramaut produces approximately 260 000 barrels of oil per day one of the most productive fields is al maseelah in the strip 14 which was discovered in 1993 the yemeni government is keen to develop its oil fields to increase oil production to increase national wealth in response to the requirements of economic and social development in the country oil contributes 30 40 of the nation s gdp over 70 of total state revenues and more than 90 of the value of the country s exports 44 85 oil and gas edit a soviet discovery in the southern governorate of shabwah has proven only marginally successful even when taken over by a different group a western consortium began exporting oil from masila in the hadhramaut in 1993 and production there reached 67 000 m 3 d 420 000 bbl d in 1999 there are new finds in the jannah formerly known as the joint oil exploration area and east shabwah blocks yemen s oil exports in 1995 earned about us 1 billion yemen s offshore oil and gas deposits are estimated to contain billions of barrels of oil and gas marib oil contains associated natural gas in september 1995 the yemeni government signed an agreement that designated totalenergies of france to be the lead company for a project for the export of liquefied natural gas lng in 1997 yemen gas company joined with various privately held companies to establish yemen lng ylng an oil drill in hadhramaut in august 2005 the government gave final approval to three lng supply agreements enabling ylng to award a 2 billion contract to an international consortium to build the country s first liquefaction plant at balhaf on the arabian sea coast the project is a 3 7 billion investment over 25 years producing approximately 6 7 million tons of lng annually with shipments likely to go to the united states and south korea production of lng began in october 2009 the yemen government expects the lng project to add 350 million to its budget and enable it to develop a petrochemicals industry 45 hadramout produces approximately 258 8 thousand barrels per day 46 one of the prominent oil fields is the masila basin sector 14 discovered in 1993 oil contributes between 30 and 40 of the gross domestic product gdp value and represents more than 70 of the total general budget revenues of the state moreover it constitutes more than 90 of the country s export value 47 culture edit music and dance edit main article hadhrami music mizmar al habeesh arabic مزمار الهبيش a coastal hadhrami song hadhrami music is one of the five main yemeni musical genres or colours alwan it comprises vocal performances in the hadhrami arabic dialect and features melodic phrases and a characteristic humming style known as the dan hadhramaut s strategic location along the ancient incense road has shaped a unique musical tradition indian and african musical elements have intermingled with indigenous forms over time 48 besides it has been deeply influenced by sufism 49 the shabwani music and dance the region is renowned for its vast array of over four hundred distinct rhythmic patterns that vary by locality these rhythms are closely tied to daily activities and special occasions from planting and fishing to wedding celebrations a key musical form in the region is the dan a fixed melodic structure in which the melody precedes the lyrics in contrast in other songs the lyrics typically come before the melody 50 steps have been taken by the yemeni government to include the dan art on unesco intangible cultural heritage cultural authorities in yemen have already received initial approval from unesco to consider its inclusion 51 numerous art critics note that the hadhrami dan has played a pivotal role in shaping vocal traditions throughout the arab world particularly within the gulf region this distinctive musical form is regarded as a foundational element for many singing schools with contemporary artists continuing to draw inspiration from its rich heritage and folkloric melodies 52 the hadhrami dan has spread to the arabian gulf through the migration of hadhrami musicians who settled in gulf countries over time local musicians integrated the hadhrami dan and other forms of the dan and other hadhrami musical forms into their own repertoires 49 53 furthermore hadhrami music has significantly influenced the cultural landscapes of regions beyond the arabian peninsula notably in parts of africa and east asia 54 55 abu bakr salem and ahmed fathi perform hadrami arabic غدر الليل romanized ghadar al layl lit night has come several hadhrami influential musicians and poets played an important role in shaping hadhrami and the wider arabian music abu bakr salem belfkih 1932 2017 for example modernised al dân songs by incorporating contemporary musical instruments while poets such as haddad al kaff 1910 1970 and hussein al mihdhar 1932 2000 enriched the tradition with their lyrics additionally mohammed juma khan 1903 1963 is celebrated as a pioneer who blended his punjabi musical influences with local traditions 50 moreover several prominent non hadhrami arab musicians have also embraced hadhrami styles these include kuwaiti singer abdallah al rowaished s...