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re in 1869 jacob maris returned to the hague in 1870 after the family s experience in paris in the franco prussian war that same year jozef israëls came to the hague as did anton mauve willem maris johannes bosboom and weissenbruch had always lived there for mesdag the move marked the end of his student days in brussels for maris it meant a break with the paris dealers who would not let him paint what he wanted friendship played an important role in this group of painters and whenever one of them was invited to take part in a major exhibition he would arrange for his friends to also submit work the outside world was thus presented with a picture of a united artistic and stylised front the grey tonality was to become one of the characteristics of the hague school shepherdess with a flock of sheep by anton mauve the name hague school was coined in 1875 by a critic jacob van santen kolff who used the phrases a new way of seeing and depicting things intent to convey mood tone takes precedence over colour almost exclusive preference for so called bad weather effects and grey mood the hague school artists were less interested in a faithful portrayal of what they saw than in conveying the atmosphere and impression of the moment they painted mostly in subdued colours with a penchant for grey that is why the hague school is sometimes also called the gray school the painters of the hague school conducted some of their artistic discussions as member of the pulchri studio which had been founded in 1847 by bosboom willem roelofs and j h weissenbruch at the home on the lange voorhout of the hague painter lambertus hardenberg growing discontent among the young artists in the hague about the apparently insufficient opportunities for training and development was the reason for establishing the pulchri studio many members of the hague school served on the board of the pulchri studio so that the society became a bastion of the school for many years the shipping canal at rijswijk by jan hendrik weissenbruch over the years the artists of the hague school changed jacob maris enriched his palette with vivid brushwork especially in his amsterdam town views jozef israëls had completely abandoned his anecdotal manner and sombre colouring j h weissenbruch blurred the details in his later work painting beach scenes and landscapes in magnificently conceived planes of colour with an almost abstract quality willem maris became the painter of light he had always tried to be producing summer meadows with sunlight sparkling on the water and cattle the quintessence of the dutch landscape matthijis maris further development was also remarkable albeit tragic despite the support of family and friends he led a solitary existence he worked for years on his paintings of brides and portraits of children which became increasingly hazy and dreamy until finally becoming completely detached from reality sequel edit the return of the flock at laren by anton mauve by the mid 1880s the united front of the hague school began to crumble the character of the city of the hague changed as it became larger the small fishing village of scheveningen changed as new suburbs were built and factories transformed the area weissenbruch and roelofs found the hague to be growing too fast and retreated to the polders to continue painting anton mauve and jozef israëls became active in the laren school 1 which perpetuated aspects of the hague school albert neuhuys hein kever and evert pieters were especially active there between 1880 and 1900 realistic interiors of laren farm houses as well as plein air landscapes were the preferred subjects of the paintings anton mauve was particularly active in the latter and his views of the heathlands were quite popular with us art lovers donkeyride by isaac israëls while the hague was becoming too large for some it was too small for others who became influential in the amsterdam impressionism group which developed there this movement drew on city life for its subject matter although the contrast with the hague school was less pronounced than is occasionally suggested this group included some who are designated below as members of the second generation of the hague school such as george hendrik breitner isaac israëls son of jozef israëls willem bastiaan tholen and willem de zwart also known as william black in addition willem witsen floris verster jan hillebrand wijsmuller and jan toorop 2 have some background with the hague school and are considered to be in the amsterdam impressionism movement although not usually associated with the hague school johan jongkind was called a forerunner of impressionism who influenced eugène boudin who later was mentor to claude monet others who had at least a tangential connections with the artists of the hague school are charles rochussen richard bisschop and lawrence alma tadema around the 1890s in france impressionism was followed by post impressionism which places greater emphasis on the form structure and content of the painting this movement too was picked up in the netherlands resulting in a dutch post impressionism and introducing abstract elements and cubism into modern painting famous examples are vincent van gogh 3 who received his first art training from anton mauve as well as piet mondriaan 4 who initially painted in the manner of the hague school and then in a variety of styles and techniques documenting his search for a personal style representatives edit forerunners 5 bilders johannes warnardus 1811 1890 koekkoek barend cornelis 1803 1862 schelfhout andreas 1787 1830 van de sande bakhuysen hendrik 1795 1860 van hove bartholomeus 1790 1880 van hove hubertus 1819 1865 jacob jan van der maaten 1820 1879 charles rochussen 1814 1894 van os pieter frederik 1808 1892 waldorp anthonie 1803 1866 first generation 6 artz david adolph constant 1837 1890 bilders gerard 1838 1865 bosboom johannes 1817 1891 de haas johannes hubertus leonardus 1832 1908 gabriël paul joseph constantin 1828 1903 israëls jozef 1824 1911 maris jacob 1837 1899 maris matthijs 1839 1917 maris willem 1844 1910 mauve anton 1838 1888 mesdag hendrik willem 1831 1915 mesdag taco 1822 1902 mesdag van houten sina 1834 1909 roelofs willem 1822 1897 weissenbruch jan hendrik 1824 1903 second generation 7 akkeringa johannes evert hendrik 1861 1942 arntzenius floris 1864 1925 blommers bernard j 1845 1914 breitner george hendrik 1857 1923 de bock théophile 1851 1904 de hoog bernard 1866 1943 de zwart willem 1862 1931 israëls isaac 1865 1934 koning arnold hendrik 1860 1945 neuhuys albert 1844 1914 poggenbeek george jan hendik geo sadée philip 1837 1904 tholen willem bastiaan 1860 1931 van de sande bakhuyzen julius 1835 1925 van der voort in de betouw herman jacob 1847 1902 van der weele herman johannes 1852 1930 van houten gerrit 1866 1934 van rappard anthon 1858 1892 wijsmuller jan hillebrand 1855 1925 adrianus hendrikus arie jacques witjens 1881 1956 gallery of the important forerunners edit jongkind johan berthold 1857 binneshaven rotterdam private collection barend cornelis koekkoek 1845 een kasteel tussen bomen aan een rivier een kasteel tusschen geboomte aan eene rivier amsterdam museum barend cornelis koekkoek undated old amsterdam private collection andreas schelfhout 1869 winterlandschap met twee windmolens private collection hendrik van de sande bakhuyzen 1820 besneeuwd polderlandschap met schaatsers private collection hubert van hove 1865 elegante dame in interieur private collection pieter van os undated horsemen and travellers outside an inn private collection antonie waldorp 1862 segelschiffe im hafen private collections gallery of the first generation edit gerhard bilders undated boesgezicht bijzondere collecties universiteit leiden johannes bosboom after 1827 face of koblenz rijksmuseum amsterdam johannes bosboom 1873 the beach of scheveningen rijksmuseum amsterdam paul gabriël 1860 67 landscape with two trees rijksmuseum amsterdam anton mauve after 1860 trekvaart rijksmuseum amsterdam jacob maris 1880 1899 bomschuit op het scheveningse strand rijksmuseum amsterdam willem maris ducks rijksmuseum amsterdam anton mauve after 1882 bomschuit op het strand private collection willem roelofs after 1870 in t gein bij adcoude rijksmuseum amsterdam willem roelofs 1867 landschap te oosterbeek landschap met vee provincie gelderland amsterdam museum jan hendrik weissenbruch the shipping canal at rijswijk known as the view at geestbrug rijksmuseum amsterdam jan hendrik weissenbruch zomerdag rijksmuseum amsterdam jozef israëls 1883 when one grows old kunstmuseum den haag jozef israëls 1881 alone in the world van gogh museum amsterdam jozef israëls peasant family at the table 1882 van gogh museum amsterdam gallery of the second generation edit floris arntzenius on scheveningen beach bernard blommers het breistertje rijksmuseum amsterdam george hendrik breitner gezicht op de dam te amsterdam rijksmuseum amsterdam willem de zwart hooiwagen rijksmuseum amsterdam isaac israels donkey ride rijksmuseum amsterdam george jan hendrik poggenbeek melktijd willem bastiaan tholen zomers boerenlandschap private collection julius jacobus van de sande bakhuyzen dorf in den dünen bavarian state painting collections anthon van rappard arbeiders op de steenbakkerij ruimzicht exhibitions edit 1863 tentoonstelling van kunstwerken van levende meesters hague school of art the hague the netherlands 1904 pulchri studio kunstverein hamburg hamburg germany 1969 mondriaan and the hague school of landscape painting norman mckenzie art gallery regina kanada 1969 mondriaan and the hague school of landscape painting edmonton art gallery edmonton canada 1972 die haager schule holländische maler vor 100 jahren rheinisches landesmuseum zu bonn germany 1972 hamburger kunsthalle die haager schule holländische maler vor 100 jahren germany 1980 mondriaan and the hague school watercolors and drawings from the gemeentemuseum the hague the netherlands 1981 verso l astrattisma mondrian e la scuola dell aia florenz italy 1982 verso l astrattisma mondrian e la scuola dell aia mailand italy 1982 mondrian et l école de la haye aquarelles et dessins du haags gementemuseum la haye et d une collection particuliere paris france 1982 the hague school and its american legacy west palm beach florida us 1983 l école de la haye les maîtres hollandaise de 19ème siècle galeries nationals du grand palais paris france 1983 the hague school dutch masters of the 19th century royal academy of arts london england 1984 the hague school collecting in canada at the turn of the century art gallery of ontario canada 1987 die haager schule meisterwerke der holländischen malerei des 19 jahrhunderts aus dem gemeentemuseum städtische kunsthalle mannheim mannheim germany 1989 die haager schule in münchen neue pinakothek münchen germany 1992 dutch drawings from the age of van gogh from the collection of the hague gemeentemuseum the taft museum of art cincinnati us 1996 van gogh und die haager schule bank austria kunstforum wien austria 1999 jan hendrik weissenbruch 1824 1903 vorbij de haagse school museum jan cunen oss the netherlands 2001 mesdag and the hague school gemeentemuseum den haag the hague the netherlands 2003 jacob maris a retrospective of the work of a dutch impressionist teylers museum haarlem the netherlands 2003 willem witsen 1860 1923 moods dordrechts museum dordrecht the netherlands 2004 de haagse school and the young van gogh stadhuis brussel brüssel belgium 2004 jacob maris 1837 1899 museum jan cunen oss the netherlands 2004 the hague school gemeentemuseum den haag the hague the netherlands 2005 waiting for van gogh dutch painting from the 19th century crocker art museum sacramento us 2007 plain air the hague school and the school of barbizon gemeentemuseum the hague the netherlands 2006 mesdag and the hague school gemeentemuseum den haag the netherlands 2008 der weite blick landschaften der haager schule aus dem rijksmuseum neue pinakothek zu münchen germany 2009 the hague school revealed gemeentemuseum den haag the netherlands 2009 the hague school masterpieces from the rijksmuseum centro cultural caixanova spain 2012 mesdag to mondrian dutch art from the redelé collection academy art museum maryland us 2013 modern naturalist painting in the dutch hague school inspiration from the barbizon school and the origin of van gogh yamanashi prefectural museum of art kofu japan 2014 reflections of holland the hague school and barbizon japan museum of art tokyo japan 2015 holland at its finest gemeentemuseum den haag dordrechtmuseum dordrecht the netherlands 2015 grenzeloos schilderachtig katwijks museum katwijk the netherlands 2015 watercolors exhibition about the most beautiful dutch watercolors from the 19th century teylors museum haarlem the netherlands 2024 the hague kyiv paintings of the lade 19th and early 20th centuries from the hoogsteder and ponamarchuk family collections the bohdan and varvara khanenko national museum of arts kyiv ukraine 2025 the hague school the second golden age of dutch painting lightner museum st augustine florida usa catalogues edit anna wagner die haager schule holländische maler vor hundert jahren rheinisches landesmuseum bonn 1972 catalogue isbn 3 7927 0142 1 ronald de leeuw john sillevis charles dumas hrsg the hague school dutch masters of the 19th century catalogue gemeentemuseum den haag weidenfeld nicolson london 1983 john sillevis hans kraan roland dorn die haager schule meisterwerke der holländischen malerei des 19 jahrhunderts aus haags gemeentemuseum catalogue ed braus heidelberg 1987 isbn 3 925835 08 3 sillevis john dutch drawings from the age of van gogh taft museum cincinnati ohio 1992 roland dorn klaus albrecht schröder john sillevis hrsg van gogh und die haager schule catalog bank of austria kunstforum wien skira editore mailand 1996 isbn 88 8118 072 3 de bodt saskia and sellink manfred nineteenth century dutch watercolors and drawings museum boijmans van beuningen catalogue rotterdam 1998 sillevis john and tabak anne the hague school book waanders uitgegevers zwolle 2004 fred leeman john sillevis de haagse school en de jonge van gogh ausstellungskatalog waanders zwolle gemeentemuseum den haag 2005 isbn 90 400 9071 8 renske suyver a reflection of holland the best of the hague school in the rijksmuseum rijksmuseum amsterdam 2011 isbn 90 8689 048 2 selected bibliographies edit lévêque jean jaques l aube de impressionnisme 1848 1869 acr édition internationale courbevoie paris 2000 isbn 2 86770 058 2 imanse geurt van gogh bis cobra holländische malerei 1880 1950 hatje 1980 isbn 3 7757 0160 5 notes edit larener schule kettererkunst com archived from the original on 1 april 2013 retrieved 14 march 2012 oxford grove art jan theodorus toorop answers com haagse gemeentemuseum the hague school and young van gogh archived from the original on 8 march 2012 retrieved 11 september 2011 allen memorial art museum oberlin college modern landscapes organization suggested by...