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ene 9 hamamelidaceae was established by brown in 1818 2 as the hamamelideae including four genera 10 the phylogenetic relationship of the hamamelidaceae have been revisited several times since the first comprehensive classification of the family in 1930 11 this was clarified in 1998 by the molecular phylogenetic work of the angiosperm phylogeny group apg which placed the family within the eudicot order saxifragales in doing so it separated one of the existing subfamilies the altingioideae which formed the basal group into its own family within the order the altingiaceae 12 cladogram of saxifragales families 13 14 3 saxifragales peridiscaceae 4 97 paeonia paeoniaceae woody clade liquidambar altingiaceae 69 98 hamamelidaceae 27 95 cercidiphyllum cercidiphyllaceae daphniphyllum daphniphyllaceae core saxifragales crassulaceae 34 haloragaceae s l aphanopetalum aphanopetalaceae tetracarpaea tetracarpaeaceae penthorum penthoraceae haloragaceae s s 8 saxifragaceae alliance iteaceae including pterostemonaceae 2 ribes grossulariaceae saxifragaceae 33 cynomorium cynomoriaceae remains unplaced within this tree subdivision edit subfamilies edit the infrafamilial classification of the hamamelidaceae has been controversial and has undergone a number of revisions based on morphology the best known of which are those of harms 1930 11 and endress 1989 6 15 16 morphological and dna studies have supported monophyly of the hamamelidoideae 17 18 and have recognized the separation of the rhodoleioideae and disanthoideae subfamily and newly erected mytilarioideae 19 15 16 20 21 22 the relationships between exbucklandioideae and the other subfamilies have proven controversial the unresolved monophyly of exbucklandioideae and the clades of disanthoideae rhodoleioideae exbucklandioideae or even mytilarioideae being a sister clade to hamamelidoideae may have been a result of differing dna methodologies researchers have used to produce phylogenetic trees and the inclusion or exclusion of certain genera used as outgroups in their analyses however the sister relationship of disanthoideae and hamamelidoideae has been well supported 15 18 16 23 although some researchers 17 do not support this strong support for making altingioideae a family has been recognized by textbooks 4 and the angiosperm phylogeny group research continues to resolve the deep relationships of the subfamilies within the hamamelidaceae by incorporating whole or fragmentary fossil evidence 19 21 hamamelidaceae contains 27 30 genera and 80 140 species distributed among five to six subfamilies the subfamilies are exbucklandioideae rhodoleioideae mytilarioideae disanthoideae hamamelidoideae and altingioideae which has been elevated to a family altingiaceae in some recent treatments 4 many of the subfamilies are monotypic and the majority of the species lie within the hamamelidoideae which has 22 genera the long standing question of whether altingioideae should be a separate family has been assessed and supported by morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies 3 24 4 23 25 the resulting subfamilial structure was eventually resolved in a series of molecular studies in the late 1990s resulting in five distinct subfamilies the majority of the genera residing in the nominative subfamily hamamelidoideae 10 subfamilies number of genera exbucklandioideae 1 genus exbucklandia rhodoleioideae 1 genus rhodoleia mytilarioideae 2 genera mytilaria chunia disanthoideae 1 genus disanthus hamamelidoideae 22 genera see tribes below tribes edit the relatively large size of subfamily hamamelidoideae and its further subdivision into tribes has also been a matter of study and controversy six tribes are now recognized the revised structure has greatly reduced hamamelideae to a monotypic taxon which had previously been further divided into subtribes 26 corylopsideae 1 genus corylopsis dicorypheae 5 genera dicoryphe trichocladus neostrearia noahdendron ostrearia eustigmateae 4 genera eustigma fortunearia sinowilsonia molinadendron fothergilleae 7 genera fothergilla parrotiopsis parrotia shaniodendron sycopsis distylium distyliopsis hamamelideae 1 genus hamamelis loropetaleae 4 genera loropetalum including tetrathyrium maingaya embolanthera matudaea genera edit 27 genera are accepted 27 chunia h t chang 1 species hainan and vietnam corylopsis siebold zucc winter hazel about 30 species east asia dicoryphe thouars 13 species madagascar and mayotte disanthus maxim 1 species east asia distyliopsis endress 6 species southern china to new guinea distylium siebold zucc 16 species east asia and himalayas embolanthera merr 2 species philippines and vietnam eustigma gardner champ 4 species china indochina and taiwan exbucklandia r w br 3 species assam china and southeast asia fortunearia rehder e h wilson 1 species eastern china fothergilla l fothergilla 3 species southeastern united states hamamelis gronov ex l witch hazel 4 species eastern north america and east asia langeria wolfe wehr eocene 1 species loropetalum r br ex rchb three species east asia maingaya oliv 1 species peninsular malaysia and thailand matudaea lundell 2 species southern mexico central america and colombia molinadendron p k endress 3 species northwestern mexico and central america mytilaria lecomte 1 species southern china laos and vietnam neostrearia l s sm 1 species northeastern queensland noahdendron p k endress b hyland tracey 1 species northeastern queensland ostrearia baill ex nied 1 species queensland parrotia c a mey ironwoods 2 species disjunct in southwest asia and eastern china parrotiopsis c k schneid 1 species himalaya quangnamia k s nguyen aver 1 species vietnam rhodoleia champ ex hook 6 species southeast asia sinowilsonia 1 species western china sycopsis hemsl 3 species china and assam trichocladus pers 4 species eastern and southern africa distribution and habitat edit the hamamelidaceae were widely distributed in the northern hemisphere during the upper cretaceous and early tertiary 6 19 quaternary glaciation across the northern hemisphere caused the extinction of numerous species and the restricted distribution of others hamamelidaceae were obliterated from europe along with numerous other genera of plants that were unable to escape the ice sheets due to geography the mediterranean sea and alps forming barriers that did not exist in north america and asia 28 the largest subfamily the hamamelidoideae is now distributed in north america and western and eastern asia the hamamelidoideae subtribe dicoryphinae is now restricted to the african including madagascar and comores and australian continents 28 5 15 disanthoideae and rhodoleioideae are now restricted to southern china and the caucasus region 28 mytilarioideae is restricted to eastern asia altingioideae is now restricted to eastern asia and western asia and north america between central mexico and belize 28 24 references edit dillhoff r m leopold e b manchester s r 2005 the mcabee flora of british columbia and its relations to the early middle eocene okanagan highlands flora of the pacific northwest canadian journal of earth sciences 42 2 151 166 bibcode 2005cajes 42 151d doi 10 1139 e04 084 1 2 brown 1818 1 2 3 apg iv 2016 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 judd w s campbell c s kellogg e a stevens p f donoghue m j 2010 plant systematics a phylogenetic approach 3rd ed in eds plant systematics a phylogenetic approach 3rd ed in eds sinauer associates inc massachusetts 1 2 endress p k 1989 aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the hamamelidaceae and the lower hamamelididae plant systematics and evolution 162 1 4 193 211 doi 10 1007 bf00936917 s2cid 45506515 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 endress 1989 xiao y a neog b xiao y h li x h liu j c he p 2009 pollination biology of disanthus cercidifolius var longipes an endemic and endangered plant in china biologia 64 4 731 736 doi 10 2478 s11756 009 0122 7 gu l z luo d zhang s s renner 2010 passerine pollination of rhodoleia championii hamamelidaceae in subtropical china biotropica 42 3 336 341 doi 10 1111 j 1744 7429 2009 00585 x ludvigsen 2011 1 2 li 1997 1 2 harms 1930 apg i 1998 jian et al 2008 stevens 2019 1 2 3 4 li et al 1999a 1 2 3 li et al 1999b 1 2 shi et al 1998 1 2 qiu y l et al 1998 phylogenetics of the hamamelidae and their allies parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcl international journal of plant sciences 159 6 891 905 doi 10 1086 297611 1 2 3 magallon s herendeen p s crane p r 2001 androdecidua endressii gen et sp nov from the late cretaceous of georgia united states further floral diversity in hamamelidoideae hamamelidaceae international journal of plant sciences 162 4 963 983 doi 10 1086 320770 chang h t 1979 hamamelidaceae flora reipublicae popularis sinicae 35 36 116 1 2 magallon s 2007 from fossils to molecules phylogeny and the core eudicot floral groundplan in hamamelidoideae hamamelidaceae saxifragales systematic botany 32 2 317 347 doi 10 1600 036364407781179617 s2cid 85920898 huang g l 1986 comparative anatomical studies on the woods of the hamamelidaceae in china sunyatsenia 1 24 26 1 2 pan k y lu a m wen j 1990 characters of leaf epidermis in hamamelidaceae s l sunyatsenia 28 10 26 1 2 ickert bond s m pigg k b wen j 2005 comparative infructescence morphology in liquidambar altingiaceae and its evolutionary significance american journal of botany 92 8 1234 1255 doi 10 3732 ajb 92 8 1234 pmid 21646145 takhtajan a 1997 diversity and classification of flowering plants in eds diversity and classification of flowering plants columbia university press new york li bogle 2001 hamamelidaceae r br plants of the world online royal botanic gardens kew retrieved 27 october 2025 1 2 3 4 zhi yun z an ming l 1995 hamamelidaceae geographic distribution fossil history and origin acta phytotaxonomica sinica 33 4 313 339 bibliography edit books and theses edit brown robert 1818 characters and descriptions of three new species of plants extracted from the narrative of a journey in the interior of china by clarke abel esq pp 374 379 longman london byng james w 2014 saxifragales the flowering plants handbook a practical guide to families and genera of the world plant gateway ltd pp 156 166 isbn 978 0 9929993 1 5 christenhusz maarten j m fay michael f chase mark w 2017 saxifragales plants of the world an illustrated encyclopedia of vascular plants university of chicago press pp 231 244 isbn 978 0 226 52292 0 harms h 1930 hamamelidaceae in engler adolf prantl karl anton eds die natürlichen pflanzenfamilien vol 18a leipzig verlag von wilhelm engelmann pp 330 343 li jianhua december 1997 systematics of the hamamelidaceae based on morphological and molecular evidence phd thesis department of plant biology university of new hampshire ludvigsen rolf 2011 eocene compression floras life in stone a natural history of british columbia s fossils ubc press p 243 isbn 978 0774841511 articles edit endress peter k 1989 a suprageneric taxonomic classification of the hamamelidaceae taxon 38 3 371 376 doi 10 2307 1222267 jstor 1222267 gapinski andrew 2014 hamamelidaceae part 1 exploring the witch hazels of the arnold arboretum pdf arnoldia 72 2 2 17 archived from the original pdf on 2020 01 03 retrieved 2019 11 30 gapinski andrew 2015 hamamelidaceae part 2 exploring the witch hazel relatives of the arnold arboretum pdf arnoldia 72 4 20 35 archived from the original pdf on september 6 2015 jian shuguang soltis pamela s gitzendanner matthew a moore michael j li ruiqi hendry tory a qiu yin long dhingra amit bell charles d soltis douglas e february 2008 resolving an ancient rapid radiation in saxifragales systematic biology 57 1 38 57 doi 10 1080 10635150801888871 pmid 18275001 li jianhua bogle a linn klein anita s september 1999 phylogenetic relationships in the hamamelidaceae evidence from the nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene matk plant systematics and evolution 218 3 4 205 219 doi 10 1007 bf01089228 s2cid 25179689 li jianhua bogle a linn klein anita s july 1999 phylogenetic relationships of the hamamelidaceae inferred from sequences of internal transcribed spacers its of nuclear ribosomal dna american journal of botany 86 7 1027 1037 doi 10 2307 2656620 jstor 2656620 pmid 10406726 li jianhua bogle a linn 2001 a new suprageneric classification system of the hamamelidoideae based on morphology and sequences of nuclear and chloroplast dna harvard papers in botany 5 2 499 515 issn 1043 4534 jstor 41761618 petruzzello melissa 12 september 2017 hamamelidaceae encyclopædia britannica shi suhua chang h t chen yueqing qu lianghu wen jun january 1998 phylogeny of the hamamelidaceae based on the its sequences of nuclear ribosomal dna biochemical systematics and ecology 26 1 55 69 doi 10 1016 s0305 1978 97 00075 6 apg angiosperm phylogeny group 1998 an ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants annals of the missouri botanical garden 85 4 531 553 doi 10 2307 2992015 jstor 2992015 angiosperm phylogeny group ii 2003 an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants apg ii pdf botanical journal of the linnean society 141 4 bremer b k bremer m w chase j l reveal d e soltis p s soltis p f stevens 399 436 doi 10 1046 j 1095 8339 2003 t01 1 00158 x archived from the original pdf on 2020 10 22 retrieved 2019 11 15 angiosperm phylogeny group iii 2009 an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants apg iii botanical journal of the linnean society 161 2 bremer b k bremer m w chase m f fay j l reveal d e soltis p s soltis p f stevens 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 angiosperm phylogeny group iv 2016 an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants apg iv botanical journal of the linnean society 181 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 boj 12385 websites edit cole theodor c h hilger hartmut h stevens peter f may 2019 angiosperm phylogeny poster flowering plant systematics pdf archived from the original pdf on 17 may 2017 retrieved 24 september 2019 stevens p f 2019 2001 saxifragales ap web v 14 missouri botanical garden retrieved 25 september 2019 see also angiosperm phylogeny website soltis d soltis p arakaki m 2006 saxifragales tree of life wfo 2019 saxifragales bercht j presl world flora online retrieved 1 november 2019 hamamelidaceae archived 2005 12 29 at the wayback machine in l watson and m j dallwitz 1992 onwards the families of flowering plants archived 2007 01 03 at the wayback machine v t e families of flowering plants apg iv supergroup plant rhodophyta chlorophyta marchantiophyta bryophyta anthocerotophyta polypodiophyta acrogymnospermae angiospermae basal angio sperms amborellales amborellaceae nymphaeales hydatellaceae cabombaceae nymphaeaceae austrobaileyales austrobaileyaceae trimeniaceae schisandraceae mesangiospermae magnoliidae canellales canellaceae winteraceae piperales aristolochiaceae saururaceae piperaceae magnoliales myristic...